COVID-19 assessments

Questions assessing whether participants were tested, diagnosed, or in contact with an individual who had COVID-19 were adapted for this study based on those formulated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the Household Pulse Survey [23].

Participants were asked about the frequency (never, <1x/day, 2-4x/day, 5-8x/day, 9-16x/day, and >16x/day) of their interactions with various sources of information, including the news, social media, and interpersonal discussions about COVID-19 using a measure modified from other published studies [24, 25]. For analyses, interactions were categorized as never, <1x/day, 2-4x/day, 5+x/day.

Participants were asked to rate their overall level of worry about COVID-19 on a Likert Scale ranging from 1 for “not worried at all” to 4 for “very worried” [26]. They were then asked to endorse fifteen specific worries on a list developed for this study. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to identify domains within the questionnaire, with oblimin rotation on a tetrachoric correlation matrix due to the binary nature of the variables. Details of the factor analyses are presented in the S2 Table. Worries were categorized into the following domains: social (parents/grandparents unable to visit, family unable to visit, not able to have a baby shower, not able to attend a funeral), COVID-19 infection-related (participant or partner will bring infection home, family or friends will get COVID-19), child-related (no adequate childcare, other children will get COVID-19), delivery-related (partner not present during delivery, changes to delivery plan, unborn baby will get COVID-19, not able to breastfeed), economic (significantly affect economic situation/finances), and missing doctor appointments.

Participants were asked to endorse seventeen behaviors they had engaged in to protect themselves from COVID-19 from a list developed for this study based on WHO recommendations and media reports. Behaviors were classified into the following categories: hygiene-related (mask-wearing, washing hands, disinfecting surfaces), physical distancing (avoiding public places, restaurants and other people, canceling personal engagements, work or school and working at home), canceling travel (for work or pleasure), stockpiling essential resources (food or water, hand sanitizer, medication), postponing medical care, and prayer.