Culture medium was collected from each of the treatment groups and used to determine IL-6 and TNF-α expression using ELISA kits tailored to each collection process (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, RAW264.7 and BV2 cells were seeded in 48-well culture plates at a density of 5 × 105 cells/well. After incubation, the supernatant was collected and used in the cytokine ELISA kits to measure the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α.
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