2.12. Statistical Analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel. Means and standard deviations were calculated for all quantitative data. For data represented in percentage (i.e., cell viability), the standard deviations, determined from triplicate experiments, were calculated and displayed on the graphs as standard deviation percentages: Stdv%=Stdv*(%ofcontrolODaverage). Two-tailed, type 3 Student’s t-tests were applied on datasets where relevant, in order to determine any significant statistical differences. Statistical analysis of the data in the bidirectional transport assay was performed by comparing group means with a Student’s t-test (two-tailed) or ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. The significance level was set to 5%, and thus p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant.