For ATR-FTIR, the freeze-dried samples were further dried in a vacuum desiccator with phosphorous pentoxide for 48 h. ATR-FTIR spectra of the milled samples were recorded in the range of 4,000–400 cm−1 using a Thermo Fisher Scientific Nicolet iS50 FTIR Spectrometer (Madison, WI, USA). The recorded spectra were self-deconvoluted in the amide I band region (1,700–1,600 cm−1) using Omnic 8.1 software at a bandwidth of 25 cm−1 and an enhancement factor of 2.527. The peak fitting was performed using Gaussian components. The fitted amide I bands were assigned to protein secondary structures according to wavenumber ranges that were established previously43, 44, 64.
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