General procedure

Before refraction assessments, all participants underwent a case evaluation to obtain information about the ocular discomfort, followed by ocular motility testing and a cover-uncover test to rule out strabismus. Refraction and binocular vision tests were performed using a phoropter (VT-SE; Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and visual charts (ACP-8; Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at distance (6 m) and near (40 cm). All measurements were taken in a general clinical room by the same examiner, who performed all tests within approximately 30 minutes, using the same methodology.