Study design

Domestic malaria spending was estimated for three financing sources: government, OOP, and prepaid private spending. A different strategy was developed for each domestic financing source. Development assistance for malaria, or the financial and in-kind resources provided by development agencies to low-income and middle-income countries for the primary purpose of preventing or treating malaria, was drawn from public databases published by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.⁵ All spending estimates are reported in 2018 US$ (see appendix section S1 for further information on currency conversions).