Cognitive and Psychiatric Assessments

We used Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale,¹⁴ Montreal Cognitive Assessment,¹⁵ Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examinations–Revised,¹⁶ and Mini Mental State Examination¹⁷ to assess anxiety, depression, and cognitive function. The tests were administered by the study team, not to screen for neurolupus. However, before recruitment, all SLE patients were seen at the SLE clinic that monitors for cerebral involvement in collaboration with neurology, and the 4 of 51 with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) were diagnosed by a consultant neurologist with a special interest in neurolupus.