The charred areca nuts were purchased from the Neautus Chinese Herbal Pieces Ltd. Co. (Chengdu, China), and were identified by Prof. Chun-Jie Wu (College of Pharmacy, the Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine). The average arecoline contents of the CAN used in our present study was 0.239% (as determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)) (Supplementary files Figure S1 and Table S1). A voucher specimen (S-20141116) was deposited in our laboratory.
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