Percutaneous cholecystostomy and operation

PC was performed by a single experienced interventional radiologist under ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance. The decision to perform PC was made at the physician’s discretion based on the patient’s clinical condition, response to medical treatment for AC, and surgical risk related to any underlying comorbidities. A 21-gauge Chiba needle (Precision Needle Manufacturing Co., Suwon, Korea) was advanced into the GB through the liver under 1% lidocaine local anesthesia. After placing a guidewire and dilating the track, an 8.5-Fr pigtail catheter (Multipurpose Drainage Catheter, Sungwon Medical, Cheongju, Korea) was positioned in the GB, and bile was aspirated for culture. Cholangiograms were performed to confirm the correct position of the pigtail catheter within the GB. LC was performed on all patients by two experienced hepatobiliary surgeons.