The LIVE-DEAD assay was performed utilizing the LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit, following the protocol provided by the manufacturer. In brief, the cells were incubated with a mixture of calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer-1 for 30 min at room temperature. Subsequently, the cells were imaged using a fluorescence microscope. The green fluorescence emitted by calcein-AM indicated live cells, while the red fluorescence emitted by ethidium homodimer-1 indicated dead cells. ImageJ software was employed to quantify the percentage of live and dead cells. All experiments were carried out in triplicate to ensure reliability and consistency of results [25].
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