We used a DNeasy PowerSoil Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) to extract DNA from all microcosms; the DNA extracts were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform at the Utah State University Center for Integrated Biosystems. In order to amplify bacterial and fungal marker genes, primers 515F–806 R and ITS1f-ITS2 were used, respectively. We used the QIIME 2 (version 2022.2)55,56 to analyze the sequencing data. The DADA2 algorithm57 was used to denoise sequences and produce putatively error-free amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). We used the UNITE58 and Greengenes training datasets59 to assign fungal and bacterial taxonomy.
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