For EMSA, the 27-nt ssDNA oligonucleotides (5′-AACTTCTGTCATTACATTAAGCTTTA A-3′) labeled at the 5′ end with FAM were synthesized by General Biosystems (Anhui) Co. Ltd. and annealed with an equimolar amount of the complementary strand as described above. An aliquot of 500 nM FAM-labeled dsDNA was mixed with increasing concentrations of wild-type or mutant complexes (0–15 μM) in 20 μL buffer containing 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM DTT, 0.2 mg/mL BSA, 2 μg/mL Heparin, 50% glycerol and incubated on ice for 20 min. The obtained products were then resolved on 8% native acrylamide gels (37.5:1 acrylamide:bis-acrylamide) in 0.5× Tris-glycine buffer under an electric field of 10 V/cm for 2 h. Gels were visualized using Amersham Typhoon.
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