2.4. Identifying hub genes

The Venn package was used to obtain intersecting DEGs and WGCNA candidate hub genes. LASSO logistic regression analysis was conducted using the R package glmnet with the optimal minimal lambda identified. Our study validated the selection of optimization parameters through 10-fold cross-validation, ensuring that the partial likelihood deviation satisfied the minimum criteria. The e1071 package was used to conduct the SVM-RFE with five-fold cross-validation, and the RF algorithm of the RF package was used to analyze the intersection genes. Ultimately, hub genes were obtained by identifying the overlapping genes derived from the three machine learning methods using a Venn diagram.