Carbon emission caps

Stefano Mingolla; Paolo Gabrielli; Alessandro Manzotti; Matthew J. Robson; Kevin Rouwenhorst; Francesco Ciucci; Giovanni Sansavini; Magdalena M. Klemun; Zhongming Lu

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Carbon emission caps

SM Stefano Mingolla

PG Paolo Gabrielli

AM Alessandro Manzotti

MR Matthew J. Robson

KR Kevin Rouwenhorst

FC Francesco Ciucci

GS Giovanni Sansavini

MK Magdalena M. Klemun

ZL Zhongming Lu

This method is extracted from research article: Nat Commun, May 2024

Effects of emissions caps on the costs and feasibility of low-carbon hydrogen in the European ammonia industry

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48145-z

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The well-to-gate CO₂e content for each unit of hydrogen $Γ_{H 2}$ is calculated by dividing the total lifetime operational emissions from grid-imported electricity ( $\sum_{l = 1}^{L} \sum_{t = 0}^{T} γ_{E} M_{E, t}$ ) by the total amount of hydrogen produced over the lifetime of the EHPS ( $\sum_{l = 1}^{L} \sum_{t = 0}^{T} D_{H 2, t}$ ) (Eq. (3)).

where $M_{E, t}$ is the imported grid electricity at time $t$ and $γ_{E}$ is the average life cycle CO₂e emission intensity of the grid from 2025 to 2050 calculated for each country, based on the historical data provided by the European Commission (see “Grid electricity price and carbon intensity”). Thus, the EHPS can import grid electricity if the average well-to-gate CO₂e emissions of hydrogen do not exceed the emission cap constraint considered in this study (3-cap, 1-cap, 0.5-cap, 0.1-cap, 0-cap) (Eq. (4)).

where $ε_{H 2}$ represents the emission cap under consideration in kg CO₂e/kg H₂.

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