Cells were seeded into 96-well plates and treated with serial dilutions with the designated compounds for 72 h. Medium was then removed from the wells, and the cells were frozen at -80 °C for storage. After thawing, cell viability was analyzed using the CyQUANT™ Cell Proliferation Assay for cells in culture (Invitrogen, ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), according to manufacturer’s instructions. The CyQuant assay utilizes a DNA binding fluorescent dye, and the signal is proportional to the number of live cells, which thus reflects the effect of drug treatment on both cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. To integrate these two measures (proliferation and cytotoxicity) into one simple term, we refer to CyQuant data as a measure of cell viability. Fluorescence intensity was measured using POLARstar OPTIMA microplate multi-detection plate reader (BMG LabTech, Cary, NC, USA) with settings specified by the manufacturer’s instructions.
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