The vessel length density

3D vascular reconstruction and quantification by Imaris was performed using the pipeline described in previous studies. In brief, the “Threshold (loops)” algorithm in the filament module was used to trace and quantify blood vessels. The parameter for the filament diameter was automatically set by the algorithm according to the voxel size. The threshold for extracting vascular information was manually adjusted to ensure the complete recognition of all blood vessels. After reconstruction of the vascular network, the local vessel density, average radius, and vessel segment length were obtained using the “statistics-selection” in the filament module.