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Risk of bias assessment

ZY Zeinab Yazdanpanah
HM Hassan Mozaffari‐Khosravi
MM Masoud Mirzaei
MS Mohammad Hasan Sheikhha
AS Amin Salehi-Abargouei
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Two authors independently evaluated the methodological quality of eligible studies. The quality of each study was assessed by using the Newcastle–Ottawa (NOS) Scale for case–control (eight items)59 and its modified version adapted for cross-sectional studies (seven items)60 with a maximum score of 9 and 10, respectively. The NOS was used for assessing the risk of bias in clinical trials because their baseline assessments were considered in this meta-analysis. According to the obtained NOS scores, case–control studies were classified into three levels: low quality (0–4 points), medium quality (5–6) and high quality (7–9 points) and cross sectional studies were classified into four levels: unsatisfactory (0–4 points), satisfactory (5–6 points), good (7–8 points) and very good (9–10 points) (as previously performed61,62). Any discrepancies were addressed by discussion to reach a consensus.

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