Determination of plasma VLCFA and the BCFAs phytanic and pristanic acid was performed using gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) as described75. Individual bile acid species (unconjugated and taurine or glycine conjugated) in bile and plasma were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) as described68. Total bile acid concentrations were calculated as the sum of the individual bile acid species. The levels of (un)conjugated bile acids were calculated using the percentage of the total sum of bile acids in bile and plasma.
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