432 FFPE samples were randomly divided into modeling development cohort (n = 302) and validation cohort (n = 130) at a ratio of approximately 7:3. The cohort division was blinded to the methylation test results. The model development cohort (n = 302) was further randomly split into 50% training and 50% testing sets with a 20-fold validation. The identified 50 markers were analyzed with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm to determine the minimum marker requirement and select top markers. The selected top markers were further used for model construction with logistic regression algorithm by iterative marker combination analysis in the model development cohort. A validation (n = 130) cohort was used to independently test the final model. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were then evaluated.
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