The following databases were searched: MEDLINE (from 1946 until the first week of April 2021) via OvidSP; MEDLINE In-Process and other non-indexed citations (latest issue) via OvidSP; Ovid EMBASE (from 1974 to the latest issue); and Scopus (from 1996 until the present). The last search was performed on 15 April 2021. Search terms used several strings that were linked by standard modifiers in the following order: ‘machine learning’, ‘artificial intelligence’, ‘radiomic’, ‘AI’ OR ‘ML’, as well as ‘esophageal cancer’, ‘esophageal squamous cell cancer’, ‘esophageal adenocarcinoma’, ‘ESCC’, ‘EAC’, ‘esophageal malignancy’, ‘upper gastrointestinal cancer’, OR ‘upper GI cancer’. Additionally, the references of included articles were hand-searched to identify any additional studies.
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