2.3. Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA)

We used the GSVA package in R to calculate the expression characteristics of related gene sets in different samples. The preset gene set was derived from the Hallmark gene set of the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB). To estimate the cumulative distribution of the expression data, Gaussian's method was used. Subsequently, we used the limma package to compare the differences in the results obtained between the PE and control groups. It was considered that there was a statistical difference when P < 0.05 and adj.P value < 0.15. Finally, we used the pheatmap package to obtain a better visualization.