Experimental site

Field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm station of Yangtze University (303°6′N, 1120°8′E), Jinzhou City, Hubei Province, China, during two growing seasons in 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. The farm station is located in the Jianghan Plain, which is characterized as a typical subtropical monsoon climate zone in the middle-lower Yangtze River Basin of China. Two-year field experiments were performed in the nearby fields. The field chosen for this study was previously managed as a summer-rice/winter-wheat double-cropping system. The daily average temperature and precipitation during the two-year growing seasons are shown in Fig. 1. Soil samples were collected at the start of the experiments. The soil was classified as sandy loam, and the main physicochemical properties before sowing wheat in 2018 and 2019 are shown in Table 1.

The top panel shows data from the 2018–2019 growing season, while the bottom panel shows data from the 2019–2020 growing season. Black lines indicate average temperatures in 2018.10–2019.5 and 2019.10–2020.5, respectively. Black bars indicate precipitation events during 2018.10–2019.5 and 2019.10–2020.5, respectively. Date was collected by the local meteorological bureau of Jingzhou.