Total RNA was extracted from glioma cells using TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Reverse transcription was performed using 1 μg of total RNA and the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Toyobo, FSQ-101, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. An Mx-3000P Quantitative PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA) was used for qRT-PCR. The expression of GAPDH was used as a control to calibrate the original mRNA concentrations in tissues and cells. Target gene expression was calculated using the 2 -ΔΔCT method. The primer sequences are detailed in the Additional file Table S9.
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