The Aronia fruit extract used in this study was the purplish red powder purchased from the Greater Hinggan Gebei Frigid Zone Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Heilongjiang, China). The powder contains 10% starch (exogenously added during preparation of the powder), 10.3% anthocyanidin, and other water-soluble nutrients including saccharides, proteins, and dietary fiber from the fruits of Aronia melanocarpa.
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