Choices were: (1) Secular, (2) Traditional (perceive themselves as neither strictly religious nor secular, observe selective commandments and customs considered clear symbols of tradition yet do not necessarily commit to wholesale observance of traditional Jewish law), (3) Religious, (4) Ultra-Orthodox (UO), or (5) Other (Israel Democracy Institute, 2019). For further analysis, values 3 and 4 were combined, and the choice of value 5 (Other; 1.4%) was recoded as missing.
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