We acquired clothianidin from Chem Service (West Chester, PA, USA; purity ≥ 98%), and prepared stock solutions of 2 × 102, 2 × 103, 2 × 104, and 2 × 105 ng mL−1 clothianidin in acetone (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, ACS reagent, purity ≥ 99.5%). Pure acetone served as a control. We stored stock solutions at 4 °C and allowed them to reach room temperature (20 °C) before applying them to soils for the assays.
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