Sprague–Dawley rats (SD, 90–100 days old, 250–300 g) were provided by the Animal Center of the Jiangsu University (Zhenjiang, China). The BPD animal model was constructed as previously described [18]. Newborn SD rats were randomly divided into two groups, and were exposed to hyperoxia (80–85% O2; hyperoxia group) and room air (21% O2; normoxia group) at the beginning of the day of their birth. Three newborn rats from different litters per group were dissected and their lungs were removed at the postnatal day 7 and day 14 (P7 and P14). The left lungs were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and the right lungs were stored at − 80 ˚C.
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