The activity of β-mannanase was determined with 0.5% locust bean gum (G0753, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) in 50 mM acetate buffer pH 5.5 at 68 °C [65]. Quantitative assays of β-xylanase were performed using 1% wheat arabinoxylan (P-WAXYL, Megazyme, Bray, Ireland) buffered with 50 mM acetate pH 5.5 at 50 °C [62]. β-xylosidase activities were measured using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside as we described previously [40]. One unit (U) of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme releasing 1 μmol of reducing sugars or p-nitrophenol per minute.
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