Materials and Reagents

Pipette tips:
with boxes (USA Scientific, catalog numbers: 1161-3800 ; 1161-1800 and 1161-1820 )
for refills (USA Scientific, catalog numbers: 1161-3700 ; 1161-1700 and 1161-1720 )
Microfuge tubes (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 02-681-320 )
PCR tubes (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 14-230-225 )
Wooden sticks for colony purification/bacteria re-streaking (Ted Pella, catalog number: 1282 )
Round bottom culture tube (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 14-956-6D )
Cryo-vials (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 368632 )
Cryo-vial caps (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 375930 )
Silica spin columns for gel extraction and plasmid mini-prep (Epoch Life Science, catalog number: 1920250 )
Petri dishes (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: FB0875712 )
pPB41 plasmid (plasmid and sequence available from the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center upon request; http://www.bgsc.org)
pPB105 plasmid (plasmid and sequence available from the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center upon request; http://www.bgsc.org)
TOP10 Escherichia coli competent cells (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: C404010 )
MC1061 Escherichia coli competent cells (Strain number PEB336, available upon request)
BsaI-HF with accompanying 10x Cutsmart buffer (New England Biolabs, catalog number: R3535L )
Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIP) (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0290L )
Isopropanol (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: A451-4 )
Ultra-pure distilled H₂O (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: 10977-15 )
T₄ DNA ligase with accompanying 10x T₄ ligase buffer (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0202L )
T₄ polynucleotide kinase (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0201S )
Q5 DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0491L )
PCR primers (synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies)

Primers to amplify pPB41

oPEB217: 5’-GAACCTCATTACGAATTCAGCATGC
oPEB218: 5’-GAATGGCGATTTTCGTTCGTGAATAC

Primers to amplify CRISPR/Cas9

oPEB232: 5’-GCTGTAGGCATAGGCTTGGTTATG
oPEB234:
5’-GTATTCACGAACGAAAATCGCCATTCCTAGCAGCACGCCATAGTGACTG

Primer to sequence CRISPR insert
oPEB253: 5’-GAAGGGTAGTCCAGAAGATAACGA
Primer to sequence 5’ side of editing template
oPEB227: 5’-CCGTCAATTGTCTGATTCGTTA
Example upstream editing template primers

oPEB237:
5’-GCATGCTGAATTCGTAATGAGGTTCAAAACGGCAGAGTATACAGAGGAG
oPEB238: 5’-CCGGTTCCTTTTCCAGCGATGATTGACACTCTTGGATATCCG

Example downstream editing template primers

oPEB239: 5’-AAGAGTGTCAATCATCGCTGGAAAAGGAACCGGCGCTTTAAG
oPEB240: 5’-GCATAACCAAGCCTATGCCTACAGCtaggaagaagaatcatttcgaagc

Example genotyping primer for H743A mutation in mutS2

oPEB262: 5’- GGATATCCAAGAGTGTCAATCATCGCT

Glycerol (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP229-4 )
Tris base (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP152-5 )
Glacial acetic acid (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: A38-212 )
EDTA (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP120-1 )
Sodium chloride (NaCl) (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: S271-10 )
Tryptone (BD, Bacto^TM, catalog number: 211699 )
Yeast extract (BD, Bacto^TM, catalog number: 212720 )
Ampicillin (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP1760-25 )
Spectinomycin (MP Biomedicals, catalog number: 0 215206725 )
Chloramphenicol (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP904-100 )
Agar (Acros Organics, catalog number: 400400050 )
Agarose (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP1356-500 )
Ethidium bromide (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: E8751-25G )
Guanidine thiocyanate (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP221-1 )
Guanidine HCl (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP178-1 )
Ethanol (Decon Labs, catalog number: 2701 )
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: A144-212 )
Magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M8266-100G )
100 mM dNTP set (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: 10297018 )
Dithiothreitol (DTT) (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP172-25 )
β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) (Acros Organics, catalog number: 124530010 )
T₅ exonuclease (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0363S )
Phusion DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0530L )
Taq DNA ligase (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0208L )
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: M65-500 )
Potassium phosphate dibasic (K₂HPO₄) (Fisher, catalog number: BP363-1 )
Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄) (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP362-1 )
Trisodium citrate dihydrate (C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O) (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP327-1 )
Glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G8270-1KG )
Tryptophan (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP395-100 )
Phenylalanine (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP391-100 )
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: P250-500 )
Ferric ammonium citrate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: F5879 )
Potassium aspartate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A6558 )
PEG-8000 (Dot Scientific, catalog number: DSP48080-500 )
50x TAE (see Recipes)
1x TAE (see Recipes)
LB media (see Recipes)
LB agar plates (see Recipes)
100 mg/ml ampicillin stock (see Recipes)
100 mg/ml spectinomycin stock (see Recipes)
5 mg/ml chloramphenicol stock (see Recipes)
70% (v/v) ethanol (see Recipes)
1% agarose gel (see Recipes)
QG buffer (see Recipes)
PB buffer (see Recipes)
Tris HCl, pH 7.5 (see Recipes)
PE buffer (see Recipes)
10x annealing buffer (see Recipes)
5x isothermal reaction buffer (Gibson, 2011) (see Recipes)
2x Gibson master mix (Gibson, 2011) (see Recipes)
1 M MgSO₄ (see Recipes)
LM media (LB media + 3 mM MgSO₄) (see Recipes)
10x PC buffer (see Recipes)
MD media (see Recipes)
0.1 N KOH (see Recipes)
100 mg/ml tryptophan stock (see Recipes)
100 mg/ml phenylalanine stock (see Recipes)
2.2 mg/ml ferric ammonium citrate stock (see Recipes)
100 mg/ml potassium aspartate stock (see Recipes)

Equipment

Incubator (Napco, model: 320 )
Dry heat block (Fisher Scientific, model: Fisher Scientific^TM Isotemp^TM Digital Dry Baths/Block Heaters , catalog number: 11-718-2)
Pipettes (Eppendorf, catalog number: 022575442 )
Centrifuge (Eppendorf, model: 5424 )
Thermocycler (Eppendorf, model: 6325 )
Electrophoresis apparatus (Bio-Rad Laboratories, model: Mini-Sub^® Cell GT Horizontal Electrophoresis System , catalog number: 1704406)
Power source for electrophoresis (Bio-Rad Laboratories, model: PowerPac^TM Basic Power Supply , catalog number: 1645050)
Roller drum (Eppendorf, New Brunswick, model: TC-7 )
Milli-Q H₂O dispenser (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, model: Barnstead^TM GenPure^TM Pro , catalog number: 50131950)
Microwave (Panasonic, catalog number: NNS954WFR )
Autoclave

Software

Online tool Primer3 (Koressaar and Remm, 2007; Untergasser et al., 2012)
Oligocalc (Kibbe, 2007)

Procedure

Construction of plasmid containing spacer used to target the B. subtilis genome
1. Prepare pPB41 digested with the restriction endonuclease BsaI (Figure 1)
  Assemble 50 μl restriction digest reaction: 1x Cutsmart buffer (NEB), 2 μl BsaI-HF (20,000 U/ml; NEB), and 5 μg pPB41. Incubate reaction at 37 °C in an incubator for 3 to 6 h. Add 1 μl of calf intestinal phosphatase (CIP; 10,000 U/ml; NEB), and incubate at 37 °C for 1 h. Perform 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in 1x TAE buffer (see Recipes), followed by gel extraction of the digested plasmid.
  Notes:
  1. The plasmid pPB41 is typically used, but we also generated a derivative, pPB105, wherein the spectinomycin resistance cassette was replaced with a chloramphenicol resistance cassette (see Figure 1). All steps of the procedure are identical for pPB105, except for E. coli clones are selected using LB agar plates containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin or 20 μg/ml chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol selection works but colonies grow slower), and B. subtilis transformants are selected using LB agar plates containing 5 μg/ml chloramphenicol.
  2. Gel extractions are performed by excising the appropriate DNA band from the agarose gel from two 50 μl PCR reactions and placing in a microfuge tube. The gel slice is dissolved by adding 350 μl QG buffer (see Recipes) and incubating at 65 °C in a heat block. After the gel slice is fully dissolved, 200 μl of isopropanol is added and mixed by pipetting. The entire gel extraction is loaded onto a silica spin column. The flow-through is collected via centrifugation (12,000 x g for 1 min at room temperature) and discarded. The column is washed and the flow-through discarded first with 500 μl PB buffer (see Recipes), then with 750 μl PE buffer (see Recipes). The column is dried by centrifugation as above. The DNA is eluted from the column with 75 μl ultra-pure H₂O via centrifugation as above.
    
    Figure 1. Digestion of pPB41 or pPB105 with BsaI-HF
2. Prepare phosphorylated proto-spacer (Figure 2)
3. Ligate proto-spacer and pPB41 and isolate new plasmid (Figure 3)
  Assemble 20 μl ligation reaction: 1x T₄ DNA ligase buffer (NEB), 40 to 100 ng pPB41 (digested with BsaI-HF and CIP in previous step), 25 nM proto-spacer (annealed and phosphorylated in previous step), 1 μl T₄ DNA ligase (400,000 U/ml NEB). Let reaction stand at room temperature for 2-3 h. Use 10 μl of ligation reaction to transform 100 μl of chemically competent TOP10 Escherichia coli. Clones can be selected using LB agar plates (see Recipes) containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin or 100 μg/ml spectinomycin. Clones are verified via Sanger sequencing using oPEB253.
  Note: The first cloning step, wherein the proto-spacer is ligated into pPB41, does not require a certain E. coli strain. We use TOP10 cells as our general cloning strain.
  
  Figure 3. Ligation of phosphorylated proto-spacer and pPB41 to generate a ‘targeting plasmid’
Construction of editing plasmid
1. PCR amplify pPB41 to linearize (Figure 4A)
  Amplify pPB41 via PCR using Q5 DNA polymerase (NEB) and primers oPEB217 and oPEB218. Perform 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in 1x TAE buffer (see Recipes) followed by gel extraction. PCR product is stored at -20 °C until used.
  Notes:
2. PCR amplify CRISPR/Cas9 using plasmid generated in step B1 (Figure 4B)
  Amplify plasmid generated in step B1 (pPB43 in the example) via PCR using Q5 DNA polymerase (NEB) and primers oPEB232 and oPEB234. Perform 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in 1x TAE buffer (see Recipes) followed by gel extraction. PCR product is stored at -20 °C until used.
  Note: The PCR program used to amplify CRISPR/Cas9 is the same used in step B1 above.
3. PCR amplify editing template (Figure 4C)
  Amplify upstream and downstream portions of editing template separately via PCR using Q5 DNA polymerase (NEB) (primers used in the example are oPEB237/oPEB238 and oPEB239/oPEB240 for the upstream and downstream portions, respectively). Primers are designed using the online tool Primer3 (Koressaar and Remm, 2007; Untergasser et al., 2012) and Oligocalc (Kibbe, 2007). The primers specific to the editing template are combined with the overhangs for pPB41 (upstream forward primer starts 5’-GCATGCTGAATTCGTAATGAGGTTC, followed by the editing template specific sequence; downstream reverse primer starts 5’-GCATAACCAAGCCTATGCCTACAGC, followed by editing template specific sequence), which will allow the editing template to be incorporated into the editing plasmid. The editing template is designed to be approximately 2 kilobases, with the upstream and downstream portions consisting of about 1 kb each. The critical aspect of editing template design is ensuring that the guided Cas9 can no longer target the genome after the desired mutation is introduced. For deletions, the entire sequence of the spacer and the PAM site can be removed. For point mutations, it is more complicated. In Jiang et al. (2013), it was found that mutating the PAM site or the first few bases of the spacer is optimal (Jiang et al., 2013). The overlap at the center of the editing template should be 25 bases on each portion of the template (the result is that there are 50 bp that overlap in total). After PCR, perform 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in 1x TAE buffer (see Recipes) followed by gel extraction. PCR products are stored at -20 °C until used.
  Notes:
4. Construct editing plasmid using Gibson Assembly (Gibson, 2011) (Figure 4D)
  Assemble 10 μl Gibson Assembly reaction: 1x Gibson master mix (see Recipes), 40-100 ng of linearized pPB41 from above, 40-100 ng of CRISPR/Cas9 PCR product containing spacer from above, and 20-40 ng of each portion of the editing template. Incubate reaction at 50 °C in a thermocycler for 90 min. Use 5 μl of Gibson Assembly reaction to transform 80 μl chemically competent E. coli strain MC1061. Clones can be selected as in step A3. Clones are sequenced using primers oPEB253, oPEB227, and editing template specific primers.
  Notes:
  1. It is absolutely critical to use a cloning strain that is recA+, because transformation of naturally competent B. subtilis is much more efficient using plasmids that are multimeric. The E. coli strain we use for plasmid propagation is MC1061. We have also encountered difficulties in obtaining certain editing plasmids in MC1061 for reasons that are not clear. In these instances, we scaled up the Gibson Assembly reaction to a total volume of 20 μl and we used 20 μl to transform B. subtilis as in Procedure C. The efficiency of this procedure was lower, with some spectinomycin sensitive isolates retaining the wild-type genotype, so typically at least twelve isolates were screened.
  2. The editing template is sequenced using oPEB227, which sequences from the 5’ end of pPB41. Additional primers are designed within the editing template to verify the remaining sequence.
Editing genome of B. subtilis
1. Transform B. subtilis with editing plasmid obtained from previous step
2. Several isolates (6-12) are established by colony purifying transformants (Figure 5B)
  1. Colony purifying refers to restreaking isolated colonies three to four consecutive times for single colonies.
  2. Single colonies from preceding step are re-streaked on LB agar plates for single colonies containing 100 μg/ml spectinomycin and incubated at 30 °C overnight in an incubator.
3. Cure isolates of plasmid (Figure 5C)
  Single colonies from preceding step are re-struck on LB agar plates for single colonies and incubated at 42-45 °C overnight.
  Note: We have an incubator set to 45 °C, but we have used 42 °C successfully.
  
  Figure 5. Outline of genome editing procedure in B. subtilis (Adapted from Figure S2 [Burby and Simmons, 2017]). A. The first step is to transform B. subtilis with the editing plasmid. Inset shows wild-type mutS2 locus. B. After establishing isolates using colony purification, the isolates are cured of the editing plasmid. Inset depicts homology directed repair using the editing template on the plasmid. C. The final step is to verify loss of the editing plasmid and genotype isolates to verify the mutation was successfully introduced. Inset shows edited mutS2 locus.
4. Screen isolates for loss of plasmid
  Single colonies from preceding step are re-streaked onto LB agar plates containing 100 μg/ml spectinomycin, and then onto LB agar plates for single colonies. Plates are incubated at 45 °C overnight in an incubator. If the isolates lost the plasmid, there would be no growth on the LB agar plates with spectinomycin.
5. Screen for intended mutation (Figure 6)
  The isolates that were unable to grow on plates containing spectinomycin are further screened for the presence of the desired mutation. In the case of a point mutation, a primer can be designed to anneal at the point mutation (Figure 6A), or the genetic locus may be amplified using primers outside the editing template as done for a deletion (see below), followed by Sanger sequencing to verify the point mutation is present and no other mutations were introduced. In the case of a gene deletion, PCR primers that anneal outside of the recombination template within the genomic DNA are used to PCR amplify the genetic locus (Figure 6B). The migration of the PCR product will be faster relative to the product from wild-type locus.
  
  Figure 6. PCR based verification of genome edit. A. A schematic representation showing the locations of PCR primers used in panel B; B. Agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide of amplified PCR products using primers specific to the point mutation (H743A, for which we changed CAC→GCT) and the B. subtilis chromosome (left panel), and using primers specific to the editing plasmid (right panel). Of twelve isolates screened all were found to have the predicted point mutation, and two of twelve retained resistance to spectinomycin (asterisks). The slow migrating band in the PY79 lane corresponds to nonspecific PCR amplification in the wild type background. The editing plasmid was detectable in spectinomycin resistant isolates, but not in the remaining ten. C. Agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide of PCR reactions using primers specific for deletion of four B. subtilis genes. Primers were designed outside of the editing template, and are therefore specific to chromosomal DNA. For all four deletions, all isolates were found to be spectinomycin sensitive, and PCR genotyping of three isolates for each deletion found that all isolates tested had the intended deletion. Note that for the control reaction for ponA, the PCR product is faint because the amplicon is approximately 5 kb and the extension time of the PCR was 3 min, which is near the limit for complete extension for Q5 DNA polymerase; the other three control amplicons are no larger than 3.4 kb.
6. Save frozen stock of new strain
  Separate LB cultures of at least two isolates that are confirmed to have the intended mutation are grown to an OD₆₀₀ of approximately 1 to 1.5. A frozen stock is saved by adding glycerol to a final concentration of 20% in a cryo-vial. A cryo-vial cap is added to the lid and labeled appropriately. Cryo-vials are placed directly into a freezer at -80 °C.

Data analysis

There are two steps where data analysis is required for constructing a mutant strain. The first is assaying for loss of the editing plasmid using antibiotic sensitivity, and the second is to assay the genetic locus for the intended mutation using PCR genotyping. In order to determine if the isolates have been cured of the editing plasmid, six to twelve isolates are streaked onto LB agar plates with and without 100 μg/ml spectinomycin and grown overnight (see step C4 of the protocol). The isolates that do not grow on LB agar plates containing spectinomycin have been cured of the editing plasmid. The isolates that have been cured of the plasmid are further genotyped via PCR. Data analysis of PCR genotyping will depend on the type of edit being introduced. For a deletion, PCR amplification of the genetic locus will result in a product with a migration that is faster than that of the wild-type locus, resulting in the PCR product appearing lower on the agarose gel. For an insertion, the PCR product would migrate slower than the wild-type product on the agarose gel. For a point mutation, there will be no change in the size of the PCR product. As a result, a mutation specific primer or Sanger sequencing must be used to confirm the correct genotype. For a mutation specific primer (see Figure 6B), the PCR product will be present or absent. If the PCR product is present, that would indicate the mutation is present. If Sanger sequencing is used, the sequence of the mutation will be detected instead of the wild-type sequence.

Recipes

50x TAE
242 g Tris base
57.1 ml glacial acetic acid
100 ml EDTA, pH 8.0
Add Milli-Q H₂O to 1 L
Store at room temperature
1x TAE
20 ml 50x TAE
980 ml Milli-Q H₂O
Store at room temperature
LB media
10 g NaCl
10 g tryptone
5 g yeast extract
Add Milli-Q H₂O to a total volume of 1 L
Autoclave to sterilize
LB agar plates
1 L LB media
18 g agar
Autoclave to sterilize
Allow to cool to about 60 °C; if antibiotics are required, they are added at this point
Spectinomycin is added to a final concentration of 100 μg/ml
Ampicillin is added to a final concentration of 100 μg/ml
Chloramphenicol is added to a final concentration of 20 μg/ml for E. coli and 5 μg/ml for B. subtilis
Pour plates
100 mg/ml ampicillin stock
1 g ampicillin
Add Milli-Q water to 10 ml
Filter sterilize
Aliquot and store at -20 °C
100 mg/ml spectinomycin stock
1 g spectinomycin
Add Milli-Q water to 10 ml
Filter sterilize
Aliquot and store at -20 °C
5 mg/ml chloramphenicol stock
50 mg chloramphenicol
Add 70% (v/v) ethanol to 10 ml
Filter sterilize
Store at -20 °C
70% (v/v) ethanol
70 ml ethanol
30 ml Milli-Q H₂O
Store at room temperature
1% agarose gel
1 g agarose
100 mL 1x TAE
Heat solution to dissolve agarose in microwave
Add ethidium bromide to a final concentration of 0.2 μg/ml
Pour gel
QG buffer
5.5 M guanidine thiocyanate
20 mM Tris HCl, pH 6.6
PB buffer
5 M guanidine HCl
30% (v/v) isopropanol
Tris HCl, pH 7.5
Tris HCl is prepared by dissolving Tris base in Milli-Q H₂O and adjusting the pH to 7.5 using HCl
PE buffer
10 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5
80% (v/v) ethanol
10x annealing buffer
100 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5
1 M NaCl
1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0
Ultra-pure H₂O
Filter sterilize
5x isothermal reaction buffer (Gibson, 2011)
0.5 M Tris HCl, pH 7.5
25% (w/v) PEG-8000
50 mM MgCl₂
50 mM DTT
1 mM each of dNTPs
5 mM NAD⁺
Store at -20 °C
2x Gibson master mix (Gibson, 2011)
320 μl 5x isothermal reaction buffer
0.64 μl T₅ exonuclease (10,000 U/ml)
20 μl Phusion DNA polymerase (2,000 U/ml)
160 μl Taq DNA ligase (40,000 U/ml)
300 μl ddH₂O
Store at -20 °C
1 M MgSO₄
120.37 g MgSO₄ (F.W. 120.37 g)
Add Milli-Q H₂O to 1 L
Autoclave to sterilize
Store at room temperature
LM media (LB media + 3 mM MgSO₄)
2 ml LB media
6 μl 1 M MgSO₄
10x PC buffer
10.7 g K₂HPO₄
6 g KH₂PO₄
1.18 g trisodium citrate dehydrate (C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O)
Add Milli-Q H₂O to 100 ml
Filter sterilize
Store at room temperature
MD media
1x PC buffer
2% (w/v) glucose
50 μg/ml tryptophan
50 μg/ml phenylalanine
11 μg/ml ferric ammonium citrate
2.5 mg/ml potassium aspartate
3 mM MgSO₄
Filter sterilize
Store protected from light at 4 °C
0.1 N KOH
56.1 mg KOH (F.W. 56.11 g)
Add Milli-Q H₂O to 10 ml
Prepare fresh for each use
100 mg/ml tryptophan stock
1 g tryptophan
Add 0.1 N KOH to 10 ml (prepare fresh)
Filter sterilize
Store protected from light at 4 °C
100 mg/ml phenylalanine stock
1 g phenylalanine
Add 0.1 N KOH to 10 ml (prepare fresh)
Filter sterilize
Store protected from light at 4 °C
2.2 mg/ml ferric ammonium citrate stock
110 mg ferric ammonium citrate
Add Milli-Q H₂O to 50 ml
Filter sterilize
Store protected from light at 4 °C
100 mg/ml potassium aspartate stock
5 g potassium aspartate
Add Milli-Q H₂O to 50 ml
Filter sterilize
Store at 4 °C

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NIH grant R01 GM107312 to L.A.S. and a pre-doctoral fellowship from the National Science Foundation #DGE 1256260 to P.E.B.

References

Arnaud, M., Chastanet, A. and Debarbouille, M. (2004). New vector for efficient allelic replacement in naturally nontransformable, low-GC-content, Gram-positive bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(11): 6887-6891.
Burby, P. E. and Simmons, L. A. (2017). MutS2 promotes homologous recombination in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 199(2).
Fabret, C., Ehrlich, S. D. and Noirot, P. (2002). A new mutation delivery system for genome-scale approaches in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 46(1): 25-36.
Gibson, D. G. (2011). Enzymatic assembly of overlapping DNA fragments. Methods Enzymol 498: 349-361.
Guerout-Fleury, A. M., Frandsen, N. and Stragier, P. (1996). Plasmids for ectopic integration in Bacillus subtilis. Gene 180(1-2): 57-61.
Jiang, W., Bikard, D., Cox, D., Zhang, F. and Marraffini, L. A. (2013). RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol 31(3): 233-239.
Kibbe, W. A. (2007). OligoCalc: an online oligonucleotide properties calculator. Nucleic Acids Res 35(Web Server issue): W43-46.
Koressaar, T. and Remm, M. (2007). Enhancements and modifications of primer design program Primer3. Bioinformatics 23(10): 1289-1291.
Patrick, J. E. and Kearns, D. B. (2008). MinJ (YvjD) is a topological determinant of cell division in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 70(5): 1166-1179.
Sternberg, S. H. and Doudna, J. A. (2015). Expanding the biologist's toolkit with CRISPR-Cas9. Mol Cell 58(4): 568-574.
Untergasser, A., Cutcutache, I., Koressaar, T., Ye, J., Faircloth, B. C., Remm, M. and Rozen, S. G. (2012). Primer3--new capabilities and interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res 40(15): e115.
Vagner, V., Dervyn, E. and Ehrlich, S. D. (1998). A vector for systematic gene inactivation in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology 144: 3097-3104.