Amino Acid Transport Assays in Resting Cells of Lactococcus lactis    

Materials and Reagents

1. L. lactis cells
   
2. Whatman, Protran^® BA85 Nitrocellulose Membranes (2.5 cm diameter, 0.45-μm-pore-size nitrocellulose filter ) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: Z670634 )
   
3. LiCl
   
4. K₂HPO₄
5. KH₂PO₄ 
   
6. ¹⁴C-labelled amino acids (PerkinElmer)
   Note: stock solutions typically contain 50-100 mCi/ml corresponding to 100 to 500 μM concentrations.
   
7. Scintillation fluid (e.g. Emulsifier Scintillator Plus, Packard Bioscience)
8. 100 mM potassium phosphate (KPi) pH 5.8 buffer at 4 °C (see Recipes)
9. KPi containing 0.2% glucose at 4 °C (see Recipes)
   

Equipment

1. Filtration setup (e.g. Ten-place filtration manifold, catalog number: FH225V )
   
2. Vacuum pump
   
3. Thermostat water bath with magnetic stirrer
   
4. Liquid scintillation analyser (e.g. Tri-Carb 2000CA, Packard Instruments)
   
5. Glass tubes (10 x 75 mm)
   
6. Tweezers
   
7. Magnetic stirring bars
   
8. Timer
   
9. Vortex

Procedure

1. L. lactis cells harvested in the late exponential growth phase between OD₆₆₀ of 0.6 and 1.0, washed and resuspended to OD₆₆₀ of 2 in potassium phosphate (KPi) buffer, kept on ice.
   
2. Homogenize cell suspension by briefly vortexing.
   
3. Distribute alliquotes of 100 μl of the cell suspension over 5 glass tubes. Keep on ice.
   
4. Incubate one of the tubes for 5 min at 30 °C under continuous stirring.
   
5. Mount filter in setup and apply vacuum.
   
6. At t = 0, add 1 μl of the ¹⁴C-labelled amino acid stock solution to the cells in each of the five tubes giving 1-5 μM concentrations.
   
7. At each of the time points t = 0.5, 1, 2, 4 min, add 2 ml of ice cold 0.1 M LiCl  and filtrate cells over the nitrocellulose filter. For most amino acids these four time points cover a complete uptake curve. Occasionally, other time points may have to be selected.
   
8. Immediately rinse tube with another 2 ml of 0.1 M LiCl and filtrate over the same filter.
   
9. Remove vacuum, and transfer filter with tweezer to a 2 ml Eppendorf tube and put a new filter back to the filtration setup for the next sample.
   
10. For the zero time point (final tube), skip the incubation at 30 °C (step 3); add the radioactivity to the cell suspension on ice , immediately followed by 2 ml LiCl and filtration plus rinsing (steps 6 and 7). Keeping the sample on ice prevents uptake during processing of the sample.
    
11. Add 1 μl of the ¹⁴C-labelled amino acid stock solution to a 2 ml Eppendorf tube to determine the total amount of radioactivity used per time point.
    
12. Add 1.8 ml of scintillation fluid to the Eppendorf tubes.
    
13. Measure radioactivity retained on the filters by scintillation counting. Best results are obtained after allowing the filter plus bacteria to dissolve in the scintillation fluid.
    
14. Uptake (rate) can be calculated from retained activity and total added activity and expressed in nmol amino acid/(mg protein x minute). The amount of amino acid is calculated from the data provided by the manufacturer and the amount of protein determined by standard assays for cell protein.
    

Recipes

1. 0.1 M KPi pH 5.8 buffer (1,000 ml)
   Mix 1 M K₂HPO₄ and 1 M KH₂PO₄ to a final pH of 5.8 and dilute 10x with dH₂O.
   Mix 10 ml KPi pH 5.8 and 0.1 ml of a 20% glucose solution. Store at 4 °C.
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol was adapted from and recently used in Trip et al. (2013).

References

1. Trip, H., Mulder, N. L. and Lolkema, J. S. (2013). Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of secondary amino acid transporters of Lactococcus lactis. J Bacteriol 195(2): 340-350.