Materials and Reagents

35 mm µ-dish, High Glass Bottom (ibidi, catalog number: 81158 )
Polyethylenimine (PEI), linear, MW 25000, transfection grade (PEI 25K^TM; Polysciences, catalog number: 23966-1 )
60-70% confluent HeLa cells
For this analysis, cells were obtained from Cell Lines Service. We used these cells because they are easy to transfect, have a good size for vesicle visualization and are easy to handle, however, other cell lines can also be used (see Note 1).
1× Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS), no calcium, no magnesium (Life Technologies, Gibco, catalog number: 14190144 ). Storage temperature: 4 °C
pIRESneo3-Str-KDEL-MMP2-SBP-EGFP vector. Storage temperature: -20 °C
Important note: This plasmid was generated by replacing the ST (ST6GAL1) sequence by the MMP2 one (our protein of interest) in the Addgene plasmid number 65264 (Str-KDEL_ST-SBP-EGFP).
Opti-MEM^® reduced serum media (Life Technologies, Gibco, catalog number: 31985070 ). Storage temperature: 4 °C
500 mM d-biotin (Merck, SUPELCO, catalog number: 47868 ). Storage temperature: 4 °C
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles Medium, high glucose, GlutaMAX^TM, sodium pyruvate (DMEM, Life Technologies, Gibco, catalog number: 10569010 ). Storage temperature: 4 °C
Heat inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS; Life Technologies, Gibco, catalog number: 16000044 ). Storage temperature: -20 °C
Penicillin/Streptomycin (P/S; Life Technologies, Gibco, catalog number: 15140122 ). Storage temperature: -20 °C
DMEM, high glucose, HEPES, no phenol red (Life Technologies, Gibco, catalog number: 21063029 ). Storage temperature: 4 °C
PEI solution at 1 mg/ml (see Recipes)
DMEM complete medium (see Recipes)

Equipment

Magnetic stirrer
Laminar flow hood
Cell incubator set at 37 °C, 5% CO₂
Water bath set at 37 °C
Microscope:
1. DeltaVision Elite System based on:
  1. Olympus IX-71 inverted microscope (Olympus Corporation)
  2. Olympus 60×/1.42 PLAPON oil objective (Olympus Corporation)
2. PCO pco.edge sCMOS 5.5 microscope camera
3. 7-colour InsightSSI module laser
4. DAPI-FITC-TRITC-Cy5 and/or CFP-YFP-mCherry filters
5. Live-cell imaging incubation chamber set up at 37 °C. Optional: 5% CO₂ and humidity.

Software

SoftWoRx 5.5 software (GE Healthcare, https://cdn.cytivalifesciences.com/dmm3bwsv3/AssetStream.aspx?mediaformatid=10061&destinationid=10016&assetid=17238)
Fiji (Schindelin et al., 2012, https://fiji.sc)

Procedure

Cell culture and plasmid transfection
1. All steps involving cell culture must be performed in a laminar flow hood
2. Seed 3 × 10⁴ HeLa cells in an ibidi 35 mm µ-dish using 2 ml DMEM complete medium. Prepare at least 3-5 dishes per experiment.
3. Incubate the cells at 37 °C, 5% CO₂ for 24 h.
4. Set up PEI transfection reaction (Per dish/well: 200 µl OptiMEM + 2 µg RUSH construct, e.g., pIRESneo3-SS-Str-KDEL-MMP2-SBP-EGFP + 15 µl 50 mM PEI solution).
5. Vortex the transfection reaction and incubate it at room temperature for 20 min.
6. Add dropwise to the cells and incubate at 37 °C, 5% CO₂ for 24 h.
Live-cell imaging
1. Set up the incubation chamber for live-cell imaging. Pre-heat the chamber for at least 2 h before starting the experiment.
2. Remove medium from cells and wash once with 1× DPBS.
3. Add 1 ml DMEM high glucose, HEPES, no phenol red.
4. Bring the cells to the incubation chamber and focus fluorescent cells on multiple fields of views. Adjust exposure time to 50 % of maximum fluorescent intensity as the signal will increase while cargo is compacted at the Golgi. Figure 2 depicts an example of a field of view at time 0.
  
  Figure 2. HeLa cells transiently expressing an MMP2-RUSH construct. Wide-field deconvoluted microscopy image of a selected field of view for the recording of MMP2 vesicle trafficking. The image corresponds to the first time frame of the video (t=0). The red square highlights the cell showed in Video 1. Scale bar: 20 µm.
  
  Video 1. Live-cell microscopy of MMP2eGFP trafficking. The video depicts the cell highlighted in Figure 1 with a red square. It nicely shows the Golgi compaction after 20 min of biotin incubation and the budding of vesicles from the Golgi at 35 min after biotin addition.
5. Optional: Acquire Z-stacks at 0.35 µm step sizes to image multiple planes.
6. Add 1 ml DMEM high glucose, HEPES, no phenol red supplemented with 80 µM Biotin to the dish on top of the cells to reach a final biotin concentration of 40 µM (1:1 dilution).
7. Immediately start acquisition at 1 min time frames for 45 min.
8. Repeat the procedure using a new dish every time until at least 10-15 cells are imaged.
Imaging analysis
1. Live-cell
  1. Deconvolute the image sequences using the softWoRx software. It is also possible to perform image deconvolution during the data analysis using Fiji (see plugins Deconvolve 3D and Deconvolution Lab).
  2. Save files as *.dv. Video 1 shows the sequence of 45 1-min time frames for MMP2 RUSH in HeLa cells.

Data analysis

Open the image sequence files in Fiji. If every image was saved as a single file, open a group of corresponding files and use the tool “Images to Stack” to group them as a sequence. If the image was saved as a sequence you will see the following window popping up when opening the file (Figure 3):

Figure 3. Import image window in Fiji
To open the file correctly, make sure that you select Hyperstack in the view stack menu (no.1), not to import the files individually (i.e., no selection in no.2) and not to split time points nor channels (no.3). The macro used for analysis already integrates the splitting channels function.
Optional: Stack the Z frames by clicking in Image menu > Stack > Z-project (Figure 4A). In this menu make sure that the projection type selected is “Max Intensity” (arrow, Figure 4B).

Figure 4. Screenshot of the Z-projection menu. A. Selection of Z-stack. B. Z-stack menu. Arrow indicates the projection type that should be selected.
A file (MAX_”name of your original file”) will be generated. Save it in the location where the processed image will be saved.
Depending on the number of cells imaged per file, you can crop the full field of view to single cells if required. For this purpose:
1. Select the rectangle tool (red arrow, Figure 5A). Selecting the free hand tool is also useful.
2. Duplicate the selection by clicking on the Image menu > Duplicate (Figure 5B).
3. Save the duplicated image and close the original one. The macro will not run with 2 images open.
Figure 5. Selection of a single cell for analysis. A. Selection of a single cell using the rectangle tool (red arrow). B. Duplication of the selected cell for further processing.
Open in Fiji our custom-made ImageJ macro for “Live-cell vesicle analysis” available at https://github.com/MehrshadPakdel/RUSH-Vesicle-Analysis/blob/master/Live-Cell_Vesicle_Analysis_V2.ijm (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Window showing the macro for life cell analysis
You can adjust in the macro the Auto Threshold methods for optimized ER signals and Golgi signals according to signal intensity and trafficking rate of your cargo of interest.
Run the macro. Vesicles will be quantified for all frames and result files will be generated and saved automatically in a new results folder, located in the original file directory (see step 4). Figure 7 illustrates the final result, showing the binary file for every frame (Binary_filename, Figure 7A), together with the particle analyzer window (Particle_filename, Figure 7B) and the count of vesicles (log window, Figure 7C). These values can be copied to an excel spreadsheet for single cell quantification or comparison with other cell lines. For further possible analyses please see Deng et al. (2018) and Pacheco-Fernandez et al. (2020).
Importantly, not all the cells show cargo trafficking. We observed that in a small percentage of cells, the cargo never left the ER upon biotin addition. These cells should be excluded of the analysis.
Statistical analysis can compare between time points, different treatments, different cell lines, etc. For this purpose, compare the average number of vesicles from at least 15 cells using a non-parametric t-test, unless the data follows a normal distribution. If is the case, perform a one-sample t-test.

Figure 7. Results from the vesicle quantification analysis. The figure shows a screenshot of the vesicle quantitative analysis using the live-cell RUSH vesicle analysis macro. Window (A) depicts the Binary image generated for each time frame; window (B) the particle (i.e., vesicle) identification; and window (C) the quantification of vesicles per time frame. Highlighted is the number of vesicles for the depicted time frame (42/46).

Notes

The system works also well with other cell lines, however, the PEI transfection protocol might not be suitable and other transfection reagents or methods should be first established. In our experience, the RUSH system works well also in HEK and MDA-MB-231 cells, although, for the MDA-MB-231 cells, transfection was only successful using Lipofectamine 2000.
The set up for confocal microscopy can also be done in 35-mm dishes. We recommend counting at least 15 cells for a valid statistical analysis.

Recipes

PEI solution
1. Dissolve 50 mg of Polyethylenimine in 40 ml of distilled water
2. Mix well the solution with a magnetic stirrer on a slightly warmed plate
3. Adjust pH to 7.4
4. Complete volume up to 50 ml
5. Aliquot in 500 µl and store at -20 °C
DMEM complete medium
Prepare 500 ml of DMEM medium by adding FBS and P/S to a final concentration of 10% and 1%, respectively

Acknowledgments

This protocol was previously documented in the publications (Deng et al., 2018) and (Pacheco-Fernandez et al., 2020). This work was supported by grants from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Perspective Program (Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds) and the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

References

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