Analysis of Exosome Transfer in Mammalian Cells by Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching

Materials and Reagents

1. Pipette tips (SARSTEDT)
   
2. 0.45 μm sterilize filter filtropur (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 83.1823.100 )
   
3. 25-mm glass coverslips (Thermo Scientific, Menzel-Gläser, Braunscheig, Germany)
   
4. 6-well plates (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 83.3920 )
   
5. Culture-Insert 2-well in μ-dish 35 mm, high ibiTreat: ready to use (IBIDI, catalog number: 81176 )
   
6. Sterile individually packaged 5 ml pipettes (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 86.1253.001 )
   
7. 0.22 μm sterilize filter filtropur (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 83.1826.001 )
   
8. 20 ml syringe (B. Braun Medical, catalog number: 4617207V-02 )
   
9. 50 ml corning tube (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 62.547.254 )
   
10. 15 ml conical tubes (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 62.554.502 )
    
11. Human mesenchymal stem cells from dental pulp
    
12. pCT-CD63-RFP lentiviral vector (System Biosciences, catalog number: CYTO120R-VA-1 )
    
13. HEK293T cells
    
14. Absolute ethanol for analysis (Merck, catalog number: 1009832500 )
    
15. Trypan blue (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 15250061 )
    
16. Trypsin/EDTA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 15400054 )
    
17. DMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 31885023 )
    
18. Heat inactivated FBS (fetal bovine serum) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 12484028 )
    
19. Penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 15140122 )
    
20. EGM-2 Bullet Kit (Lonza, catalog number: CC-3162 )
    
21. Puromycin (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P9620 )
    
22. Sodium chloride (NaCl) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S3014 )
    
23. Potassium chloride (KCl) (Merck, catalog number: PX1405 )
    
24. Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P5655 )
    
25. MSC, HIF-MSC and HEK293T culture medium (see Recipes)
    
26. MSC-CD63-RFP and HIF-MSC-CD63-RFP selection medium (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Pipettes (Eppendorf)
   
2. Cell culture hood (any brand)
   
3. Class II Type A2 biological safety hood (any brand)
   
4. Centrifuge (Centrifuge 5804R) (Eppendorf, model: 5804 R )
   
5. Leica TCS SP2 AOBS inverted laser scanning confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems, Heidelberg GmbH, Mnnheim, Germany, http://www.leica-microsystems.com)
   
6. Heating apparatus
   

Software

1. LAS X with FRAP wizard
   
2. ImageJ (https://imagej.softonic.com/descargar?ex=DSK-309.1)
   

Procedure

In the protocol described below, we analyze the transfer of exosomes from MSC with or without stabilized expression of HIF-1α to HUVECs.

1. Production of MSC and HIF-MSC
   Cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector coding for HIF-1α and the green fluorescent protein (GFP), named pWPI-HIF-1α-GFP, or a control vector pWPI-GFP (https://www.addgene.org/) as previously described (Ciria et al., 2017).
   
   
2. Production of MSC-CD63-RFP and HIF-MSC-CD63-RFP
   1. Retroviral particles were obtained from supernatants of HEK293T packaging cell lines transduced with a vector expressing Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP) fused to the tetraspanin CD63: pCT-CD63-RFP (CYTO120R-PA-1).
      
   2. Filter the supernatants with retroviral particles through a 0.45 μm filter.
      
   3. Titration of lentiviral supernatants is performed in fresh HEK293T cells with our local Viral Vector production Unit (http://inbiomed.org).
      
   4. MSC and HIF-MSC freshly seeded at 5 cells/cm² are transduced for 8 h at a multiplicity of infection of 10 in MSC or HIF-MSC culture medium.
      
   5. After this time, wash off the medium containing lentiviral particles and replace with fresh medium
      
   6. Repeat this procedure (Step A5) daily for 3 days.
      
   7. MSCs and HIF-MSCs containing the pCT-CD63-RFP vector are selected with puromycin. Culture cells in MSC culture medium with 4 μg/ml puromycin for 24 h. After this time, wash out puromycin and replace with fresh culture medium.
      
   8. Evaluate the transduction efficiency in MSC and HIF-MSC by using flow cytometry (cells should be GFP and RFP positive). After selection, purity of transduced populations is routinely higher than 90%.
      
      
3. 24 h co-culture of MSC or HIF-MSC with HUVEC (Figure 1A)
   1. Sterilize 25-mm glass coverslips by soaking in 70% ethanol for 5 min.
      
   2. Air-dry coverslips in the cell culture hood for 10 min and then place into 9 cm² wells.
      
   3. Seed a total of 15 x 10³ MSC-CD63-RFP or HIF-MSC-CD63-RFP cells and 10⁵ HUVEC in co-culture or separately onto the 25-mm sterilized glass coverslips. Co-culture medium is a 1:1 mixture of HUVEC and MSC growth medium.
      
      
      Figure 1. Co-culture scheme. A. Co-culture of HUVEC and MSC or HIF-MSC onto cover slip; B. Montage of co-culture cover slip into Live Imaging Chamber.
      
      
4. FRAP
   1. After 24 h of co-culture, filter conditioned medium through a 0.22 μm filter to remove cell debris and large EVs, and then add the filtered medium back into the same well. Most of tetraspanin CD63 is concentrated in the exosomes; however, there are EVs of various sizes that also contain CD63. Thus, to reduce the presence of vesicles other than exosomes, a selection is made by size filtering the culture medium after 24 h of culture.
      
   2. Mount co-cultures in live imaging chambers and observe by confocal microscopy (Figure 1B). As HUVEC are not fluorescently labeled, detection of red fluorescence in these cells could only result from incorporation of red nanovesicles secreted from MSC-CD63-RFP and HIF-MSC-CD63-RFP cells that emit both green and red fluorescence.
      
   3. A single HUVEC is photo-bleached with a 460-480 nm laser as described in Gonzalez-King et al., 2017. Of note, photobleaching conditions have to be established for each cell type and for the fluorescent molecules used.
      
   4. Always take images in the same ‘z’ plane of the cell. Thus, it is recommended that before starting image, ensure that red fluorescence (due to red fluorescent exosomes uptake during the 24 h of co-culture) is no longer present. To do this, examine the photobleached cells in different ‘z’ planes before imaging.
      
   5. After photo-bleaching of a single HUVEC, two-dimensional pseudo-color images (255 color levels) are acquired using a 40x Plan-Apochromat-Lambda Blue 1.4 NA oil objective with a size of 1,024 x 1,024 pixels and Airy 1 pinhole diameter, at 10 min intervals during 3 h. The excitation wavelengths for fluorochromes are 488 nm (argon laser) for the detection of GFP fluorescence and 561 nm (DPSS laser) for detection of DsRed. To avoid variability, images must be taken under the same conditions established at the beginning of the experiment. During the analysis, maintain slides at 37 °C with a heating apparatus supplied with a 95% air/5% CO₂ humidified gas mixture.
      

Data analysis

1. Fluorescence recovery analysis was done using ImageJ. To do this, only red/green composite fluorescence images (without the transmitted light picture) of the Regions Of Interest (ROI) from inside the photobleached HUVEC were measured from the images before and after the photobleaching, and from each image after the photobleaching for 3 h as described in Figure 2.
   
   
   Figure 2. Fluorescence intensity measurement of the ROI with ImageJ. A. Open ImageJ and select Polygons selections option. B. Select the region with red fluorescence of the cell that has been photobleached. C. Select analyze and measure to give a numerical value to the fluorescence of the ROI.
   
   To measure the fluorescence recovery, 100% of fluorescence recovery was considered the fluorescence intensity of the imaged HUVEC before photobleaching. The fluorescence intensity of the first image of HUVEC after photobleaching was considered as the percentage of residual fluorescence. Subsequently, the fluorescence intensity of images captured up to 3 h after photobleaching was measured and represented as a % of recovery regarding the image before photobleaching the HUVEC (Figure 3).
   
   
   Figure 3. Recovery of fluorescence after photobleaching in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) co-cultured with MSC-CD63-red fluorescence protein (RFP) or HIF-MSC-CD63-RFP cells. A. White circle, photobleached cell; arrow, photobleached cell after 0 and 180 min of bleaching; pre-fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), confocal image of cells before photobleaching; T0’, confocal image of the cells after photobleaching at time 0’; T180’, confocal image of the cells 180 min after photobleaching. Images were taken at 40x magnification. B. Percentage of the fluorescence recovery of HUVEC bleached at timepoints 0, 90, and 180 after photobleaching, cultured with MSC-CD63-RFP cells (black plotted line) or HIF-MSC-CD63-RFP cells (grey plotted line). Results are expressed relative to T0’. **, P < .01; ***, P < .001. n = 3 in every experiment (Abbreviations: FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; HIF-MSC, mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing HIF-1α; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell).
   
   
2. Results in the example shown in Figure 1 show a higher percentage of red fluorescence recuperation after 3 h of HUVEC co-cultured with HIF-MSC than with MSC. This finding suggests that the transference of exosomes was higher from HIF-MSC to HUVEC than in co-cultures where MSC was used.

Notes

In this work, we analyzed exosome transfer from one cell type, subjected or not to overexpression of HIF-1α, to another cell type in co-culture. This protocol should be applicable for analysis of exosome transfer in other cell types; however, the correct conditions of the experiment should be established in each case.

Recipes

1. MSC, HIF-MSC and HEK293T culture medium
   DMEM with 10% of heat-inactivated FBS and 5% of penicillin/streptomycin
   HUVEC culture medium was EGM-2 Bullet Kit
   
2. MSC-CD63-RFP and HIF-MSC-CD63-RFP selection medium
   DMEM with 10% of heat-inactivated FBS, 5% penicillin/streptomycin and 4 μg/ml puromycin
   

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI16/00107, DTS15/00079, DTS17/0067), RETICS RD16/0011/0004 to PS co-funded by FEDER ‘una manera de hacer Europa’. It was also supported by the Regenerative Medicine Program of Instituto de Salud Carlos III and the Valencian Community to Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe. H. G-K acknowledges a predoctoral fellowship associated with the Hecatos project (FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION). This work has been published in Stem Cells, where the protocol was used for the first time (Gonzalez-King et al., 2017). Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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