Large-scale Maize Seedling Infection with Exserohilum turcicum in the Greenhouse

Materials and Reagents

1. Pipette tips
   
2. General lab materials, including:
   Mesh (0.5 mm)
   Round Petri dish (9 cm)
   Inoculation needle
   Microspore glass
   Vessel
   Funnel
   50 ml Falcon tube, etc.
   
3. E. turcicum isolate Passau-1
   
4. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) (BD, Difco^TM, catalog number: 213400 )
   
5. Tween 20 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: V900548 )
   
6. PDA medium (see Recipes)
   
7. Tween 20 solution (see Recipes)

Equipment

1. Pipettes
   
2. General greenhouse equipment, including jiffy pots (ø8 cm), tray and sieve tray (L/W: 50 cm/30 cm), etc.
   
3. Home-made iron frame cover with non-permeable plastic (L/W/H: 50/30/35 cm)
   
4. Sprayer (Semadeni, ø28 mm)
   
5. Autoclave
   
6. A home-made box (L/W/H: 54/30/25 cm, open at the bottom, 3 cm notches on each side) to shield the Blacklight Blue fluorescent tubes (Philips TL-D BLB, 15 W, peak at λ 356 nm) or any incubators that can fit the fluorescent tubes can be used alternatively
   
7. Sterile bench with UV light
   
8. Neubauer counting chamber (BRAND, catalog number: 717805 )
   
9. Microscope (ZEISS, model: Axio Imager 2 ) or other light microscopes
   
10. Centrifuge (Eppendorf, model: 5810 R )
    

Procedure

1. Preparation of seedling plants for infection
   This seedling assay was conducted under greenhouse conditions (16 h day, 20 °C/8 h night, 18 °C; light intensity, 160 μmol/m² sec^-1 (400 W, MHL); relative humidity, ca. 60%) during the whole experiment. Three to four maize seeds were sown in each jiffy pot, and fifteen pots were placed in one tray (5 per row). After germination, up to 3 seedlings per pot (ca. 45 seedlings per tray) were kept. In general, the second leaves had fully emerged two weeks after sowing. Newly emerged leaves were completely removed by cutting every 2-3 days until the end of each experiment.
   Note: Removing the newly emerged leaves can keep seedling plants small and delay leaf senescence, which gives nice disease symptoms and the seedlings can be easily kept under space-limited high-humidity micro-conditions.
   
2. Propagation of E. turcicum isolate
   1. Inoculation with mycelia and culture on PDA medium plate (35 ml per plate, see Recipes) was carried out at the same day seed sowing (Figure 1A).
      
   2. Add 500 ml ddH₂O to 19.5 g of PDA powder and autoclave at 121 °C for 20 min. Pour approximate 35 ml of liquid media into round Petri dish plates in a sterile bench. Sterilize the PDA plates under UV light (30 min).
      Note: Less media will inhibit fungal growth after some time.
      
   3. Inoculation of PDA plates was conducted using an inoculation needle to pick up a small piece of E. turcicum mycelia that is generally kept at room temperature for long-term storage (up to one year). Fix the PDA plate using the permeable surgical tape.
      Note: The dehydration and contamination of conidia PDA plates were often observed several months later. Inoculation of PDA plates needs uncontaminated mycelia.
      
   4. Place the plates upside down and incubate at room temperature in the dark. When the conidia cover the complete medium plate (after about two weeks), incubate the plates under BLB UV light until harvest (10 h per day, 7 days). This may induce the fungal sporulation to produce more spores.
      
3. Harvest and preparation of spore suspension
   1. Freshly prepare 0.1% Tween 20 (v/v) (see Recipes) in sterile water. Pour 10 ml of 0.1% Tween 20 on the plate and scrape the surface with a glass slide to dislodge the spores from the hyphae.
      
   2. Collect and pour the spore suspension by filtering through one layer of a fine mesh (ca. 0.5 mm), which is placed in a funnel to remove most of the mycelia.
      
   3. Before counting, mix spore suspension thoroughly by inverting 2-3 times, since the spores settled at the bottom of the collection vessels.
      
   4. Determine the spore density by using a 0.1-mm thick Neubauer counting chamber. Adjust the concentration to 4.5 x 10⁴ spores/ml for use. If the spore concentration of the suspension is lower than the concentration needed, concentrate the spores by centrifuging for 5 min (room temperature, 1,811 x g) and removing the extensive supernatant. In general, the spores from one PDA plate after 21 days culture would be enough for infecting 2-4 trays. The conidia PDA plates can be stored up to one year at room temperature, but the spore suspension should be freshly prepared for each infection experiment.
      
4. Infection of maize seedlings by spray
   1. Inoculate E. turcicum to maize seedlings at 21 days after sowing when the second leaf fully emerges and becomes deep green. This date can be adjusted according to the growth status of seedling plants. Spray four trays using a total of 4 ml of spore suspension.
      
   2. After infection, water the tray extensively from the bottom to promote transpiration. A very high humidity micro-environment is achieved by placing non-permeable plastic hoods on top of each tray (Figure 1A).
      Note: The high humidity micro-environment can promote E. turcicum infection.
      
      
      Figure 1. The seedling assay for testing NCLB disease resistance in the greenhouse. A. The pipeline for making inoculation. Parallel sowing and culture start of E. turcicum on a PDA medium plate performed 21 days before inoculation. The first and second leaves were subjected for inoculation by spraying spore suspension (4.5 x 10⁴ spores/ml, 4 ml for 4 trays). The micro-environment with higher humidity was achieved by watering the tray extensively to promote transpiration and by covering the trays with a non-permeable cover until the end of each experiment. B. Symptoms of E. turcicum infected seedling. dpi, days post inoculation.
      
      
5. Scoring symptoms
   1. Scoring individual seedling for disease symptoms was conducted between 11 and 25 days post inoculation in an interval of 1 to 2 days (Figure 1B). The period for scoring can be adjusted according to the levels of susceptibility/resistance.
      
   2. Perform scoring for disease symptoms manually by visualization. Three disease parameters AUDPC, PrimDLA at 16 dpi and IP are used for disease quantification. IP and PrimDLA are rated individually, while AUDPC is calculated using the mean of all test plants in each genotype. In case of plants that were uninfected at 25 dpi, the respective IP was rated as 25 days. In general, 10 to 15 plants of each genotype are tested in each experiment. The IP, PrimDLA and AUDPC are calculated as follows:
      
      
      
      where, d₁ = days of symptom appearance post inoculation in plant d₁, n = number of total inoculated plants.
      
      
      
      where, p₁ = percentage of diseased leaf area of the second leaf in plant p₁, n = number of total inoculated plants.
      
      
      
      where, y_i = PrimDLA at day i, t_i+1 - t_i = day interval between two ratings, n = number of ratings (Chung et al., 2011).
      Note: The use of less plants may lead to large variation and less reliability because of the quantitative nature of NCLB resistance.
      

Data analysis

Our previous work demonstrated that a seedling assay can be used to determine the presence of the quantitative NCLB resistance gene Htn1 in maize, as well as the wheat broad-spectrum fungal disease resistance gene Lr34 in transgenic maize lines (Hurni et al., 2015; Sucher et al., 2017). To test if the seedling assay can be used in diverse maize germplasm, we tested this method in a panel of maize lines (Table S1). This panel included six maize breeding lines that were kindly provided by KWS (Einbeck, Germany), and 127 exotic and historic maize lines that were collected before the 1990s from dozens of countries (IPK Genebank, Gatersleben, Germany). Interestingly, a continuous range of NCLB disease resistance/susceptibility was observed (Figures 2A-2C). The susceptible recurrent parental line RP1 was strongly infected, while near-isogenic line containing the introgressed resistance gene Htn1 was highly resistant (Figures 2A-2C). While no visible disease symptoms were detected in ten genotypes, most accessions were infected with visible disease symptoms (AUDPC > 0) and 59% of genotypes were highly susceptible (PrimDLA_16 dpi ≥ 40%). Very importantly, three disease parameters AUDPC, PrimDLA_16 dpi and IP were highly correlated (R², 81.9 to 94.1) (Figures 2D-2F). Thus, each of the three parameters can be used for quantifying NCLB disease. For example, if PrimDLA is determined at 16 dpi for disease quantification, the data can be obtained after only 37 days.


Figure 2. NCLB disease severity and correlation among disease parameters. Six genotypes from KWS Einbeck and 127 exotic maize genotypes from the IPK Genebank were tested in the seedling assay (Table S1). A. The area under the disease progress curve between 11 and 25 dpi; B. The primary diseased leaf (PrimDLA) area at 16 dpi; C. The incubation period that was rated as days from inoculation until appearance of disease symptoms; D. Correlation between AUDPC and PrimDLA at 16 dpi; E. Correlation between AUDPC and IP; F. Correlation between IP and PrimDLA at 16 dpi. Error bars indicate ± standard error (SE). dpi, days after inoculation.

Recipes

1. PDA medium
   Add 500 ml ddH₂O to 19.5 g of PDA powder and autoclave at 121 °C for 20 min
   
2. Tween 20 solution
   Add 200 µl Tween 20 to 100 ml of sterile water
   

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank IPK Genebank (Gatersleben, Germany) and KWS (Einbeck, Germany) for kindly providing maize lines, Dr. Severine Hurni for discussion, and Mr. Alessandro Artemisio, Mr. Karl Huwiler for technical support. This work was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation Grant 310030_163260. The protocol was adapted and updated from methods reported in Hurni et al. (2015).

References

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