Isolation of Guard-cell Enriched Tissue for RNA Extraction    

Materials and Reagents

1. Razor blade
   
2. 210 μm nylon mesh (A. Hartenstein, laborversand.de, catalog number: PAS1 )
   
3. Plastic embroidery hoop from a handicraft store (Figure 1)
   Note: Nylon mesh is placed in the plastic embroidery hoop to provide a little tension to the mesh, to make it easier to pour the blended water and guard cell enriched fragments through the mesh.
   
   
   Figure 1. Nylon mesh with a plastic embroidery hoop
   
   
4. Paper towel
   
5. Small medical spatula or plastic spoon
   
6. 1.5 ml tube or aluminum foil
   
7. Arabidopsis plants
   
8. Milli-Q or distilled water kept at 4 °C
   
9. Crushed ice
   
10. Liquid nitrogen
    

Equipment

1. Blender (Braun JB 3060 or other 800 W blender) (Braun Household, model: JB 3060 )
   Note: A blender with lower effect has been tried, but failed to isolate proper fragments, probably due to insufficient power to fully crush the ice.
   
2. Microscope (ZEISS, model: SteREO Discovery.v20 )
   

Procedure

Collect leaves from 4-7 week old Arabidopsis plants grown in soil at 12 h/12 h photoperiod, use 17-18 plants and 4-5 leaves per plant. If plants are smaller in size, use more leaves per plant.

1. Remove the central vein (midrib) by razor blade. Collect about 1.0-1.5 g of leaves without midribs for the following procedures (Figure 2).
   
   
   Figure 2. Midrib is cut and removed with the razor blade
   
   
2. Put the cut leaf blades in blender with 250 ml cold Milli-Q water and a handful of crushed ice.
   Blend 1 min (program 2 for the Braun blender), pour through mesh placed in a plastic embroidery hoop.
   Note: Pouring through mesh should be done slowly, so that the guard cell enriched fragments are collected in the middle of the mesh. This is especially important at step 7 after which the sample is collected.
   
3. Wash the mesh with cold Milli-Q water above the blender cup so that the guard cell enriched fragments are transferred inside the blender cup. Add cold Milli-Q water up to 250 ml and handful of crushed ice.
   
4. Blend 1 min (program 2), pour through mesh placed in a plastic embroidery hoop.
   
5. Wash the mesh with cold Milli-Q water above the blender cup so that the guard cell enriched fragments are transferred inside the blender cup. Add cold Milli-Q water up to 250 ml and handful of crushed ice.
   
6. Blend 1 min (program 2), pour through mesh placed in a plastic embroidery hoop.
   
7. Remove the remaining dark green tissue fragments (small leaf pieces that have not been blended) from the light green epidermal fraction.
   
8. Dry the underside of the mesh from excess water with paper towel about 10-15 sec and use a small spatula or plastic spoon to carefully scrape the sample into a 1.5 ml tube or aluminum foil (Figure 3).
   
   
   Figure 3. Guard cell enriched sample that is collected into a 1.5 ml tube
   
   
9. Freeze the sample in liquid nitrogen and keep at -80 °C. Alternatively, the sample can be immediately ground in mortar with liquid nitrogen and the powder used for RNA isolation.
   Note: If an estimation of guard cell enrichment is required, one easy control is to harvest a whole leaf sample from the same plants used for guard cell enrichment and freeze in liquid nitrogen and store at -80 °C. RNA can then be extracted in parallel with the guard cell samples. The level of guard cell enrichment can be estimated by real time quantitative PCR using guard cell preferentially expressed genes e.g., HT1 (AT1G62400), OST1 (AT4G33950) or GORK (AT5G37500).
   

Data analysis

Isolated guard cell enriched fragments can be visualized with a stereo microscope (Zeiss SteREO Discovery.v20), and no mesophyll fragments (green tissue) should be present (Figure 4A). While testing different blenders, successful isolation of guard cell enriched fragments was achieved with the Braun (800 W) blender but not with a blender with lower effect (Figure 4).


Figure 4. Isolated guard cell enriched fragments under a microscope. A. Sample isolated with the Braun blender; B. Sample isolated with a small 220 W blender.

To control the quality of guard cell enrichment, real-time quantitative PCR can be done with guard cell expressed genes like HT1 and GORK, by comparing their expression level in guard cell enriched sample versus a whole leaf sample (Figure 5; for details about the qPCR conditions see Jalakas et al., 2017).


Figure 5. Gene expression in Col-0 guard cell enriched sample compared to leaf sample. The mean of three biological replicates are shown; error bars depict ± SEM.

Acknowledgments

This protocol was adapted from the research article Bauer et al. (2013). This work was funded by the Estonian Ministry of Science and Education (IUT2-21 to H.K.), the European Regional Development Fund (Center of Excellence in Molecular Cell Engineering CEMCE to H.K.), the Academy of Finland (grant number #307335, Center of Excellence in Primary Producers 2014-2019 to M.B.).

References

1. Bates, G. W., Rosenthal, D. M., Sun, J., Chattopadhyay, M., Peffer, E., Yang, J., Ort, D. R. and Jones, A. M. (2012). A comparative study of the Arabidopsis thaliana guard-cell transcriptome and its modulation by sucrose. PLoS One 7(11): e49641.
   
2. Bauer, H., Ache, P., Lautner, S., Fromm, J., Hartung, W., Al-Rasheid, K. A., Sonnewald, S., Sonnewald, U., Kneitz, S., Lachmann, N., Mendel, R. R., Bittner, F., Hetherington, A. M. and Hedrich, R. (2013). The stomatal response to reduced relative humidity requires guard cell-autonomous ABA synthesis. Curr Biol 23(1): 53-57.
   
3. Jalakas, P., Huang, Y.-C., Yeh, Y.-H., Zimmerli, L., Merilo, E., Kollist, H. and Brosché, M. (2017). The role of ENHANCED RESPONSES TO ABA1 (ERA1) in Arabidopsis stomatal responses is beyond ABA signaling. Plant Physiol 174: 665-671.
   
4. Leonhardt, N., Kwak, J. M., Robert, N., Waner, D., Leonhardt, G. and Schroeder, J. I. (2004). Microarray expression analyses of Arabidopsis guard cells and isolation of a recessive abscisic acid hypersensitive protein phosphatase 2C mutant. Plant Cell 16(3): 596-615.
   
5. Pandey, S., Wang, R. S., Wilson, L., Li, S., Zhao, Z., Gookin, T. E., Assmann, S. M. and Albert, R. (2010). Boolean modeling of transcriptome data reveals novel modes of heterotrimeric G-protein action. Mol Syst Biol 6: 372.
   

1. Jalakas, P., Yarmolinsky, D., Kollist, H. and Brosche, M. (2017). Isolation of Guard-cell Enriched Tissue for RNA Extraction. Bio-protocol 7(15): e2447. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.2447.
   
2. Jalakas, P., Huang, Y.-C., Yeh, Y.-H., Zimmerli, L., Merilo, E., Kollist, H. and Brosché, M. (2017). The role of ENHANCED RESPONSES TO ABA1 (ERA1) in Arabidopsis stomatal responses is beyond ABA signaling. Plant Physiol 174: 665-671.