Determination of the Effects of Local and Systemic Iron Excess on Lateral Root Initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana    

Materials and Reagents

1. Eppendorf tubes (1.5 ml)
   
2. Sterile tips
   
3. Plastic wrap (Bemis, catalog number: PM996 )
   
4. 130 x 130 x 12 mm square plastic plates (self-made, see Figure 1)
   
5. 130 x 13 x 2 mm glass strip (self-made, see Figure 1)
   
   
   Figure 1. Square plastic plates used for treatment
   
   
6. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds (DR5:GUS lines, Col-0 background)
   
7. Distilled water
   
8. Ethanol (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 80176961 )
   
9. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 80010428 )
   
10. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium salt (SDS) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 30166428 )
    
11. Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10017618 )
    
12. Sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10019918 )
    
13. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10013018 )
    
14. Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 20011160 )
    
15. Ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄·7H₂O) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10012116 )
    
16. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10009717 )
    
17. Boric acid (H₃BO₃) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10004818 )
    
18. Manganese sulfate (MnSO₄) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: LB2208102 )
    
19. Zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10023828 )
    
20. Copper sulfate (CuSO₄) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10008216 )
    
21. Sodium molybdate (Na₂MoO₄) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10019818 )
    
22. Sucrose (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10021418 )
    
23. MES hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M8250 )
    
24. Agar-agar (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A7002 )
    
25. Seed sterilization solution (see Recipes)
    
26. Normal growth medium (see Recipes)
    
27. Fe-supplemented medium and the control medium (see Recipes)
    
28. Control medium (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Glass bottles (Schott Duran glass bottle, 500 ml capacity or higher)
   
2. Incubation chamber (23 ± 1 °C, under fluorescent lamps at 100 μmol/m²/sec, 16-h-light/8-h-dark)
   
3. pH meter (Mettler-Toledo International, model: FE20K )
   
4. Autoclave (TOMY DIGITAL BIOLOGY, model: SX-500 )
   
5. Refrigerator (Haier, model: BCD-648WDBE )
   
6. Flow hood (Suzhou Antai Air-tech, model: SW-CJ-1F(D) )
   
7. Vortex
   
8. Tweezers
   

Procedure

1. The following media are required (see Recipes section): (a) normal growth medium, for seed germination, (b) control medium which contains 50 μM Fe-EDTA and (c) Fe-supplemented medium which contains 350 μM Fe-EDTA.
   
2. Seed sterilization and plating of seeds.
1. Put 5 mg (200-300 seeds) of Arabidopsis seeds into an Eppendorf tube and add 750 µl sterilization solution (see Recipes).
   
2. Vortex for 1 min at room temperature.
   
3. Decant the sterilization solution (with sterile tips) under a flow hood and add 750 µl sterile water to wash the seeds.
   
4. Vortex briefly and decant the water.
   
5. Repeat the wash step 5 times.
   
6. Stratify the seeds in 750 µl sterile water at 4 °C for 2 days in the dark.
   
7. Sow seeds on sterile normal growth medium plates. Next close and seal the plates with plastic wrap.
   
8. Incubate plates in a vertical position in a growth chamber at 23 °C with a 16-h-light/8-h-dark cycle (150 μmol m^-2 sec^-1).
   
9. Grow seedlings for 5-7 days (with a primary root length of about 2 cm).
   
3. Whole root and localized root supply of excess Fe.
1. Prepare the plates (see the Figure 2), and at least three replicates (plates) are needed per treatment.
   
   
   Figure 2. Prepare the plates for treatment. The glass strip and tweezers are autoclaved. Place the glass bars in the Petri dishes with tweezers and the glass bar must be fixed tightly in the air gap.
   
   
2. Preparation of agar media for uniform and localized Fe treatments. The agar media is firstly autoclaved for 20 min at 121 °C on the liquid cycle. The Fe-supplemented medium can be set up as follows. For (I) uniform-Fe supplemented medium, spread the treatment media evenly (Figure 3C). For (II) ‘root tip-Fe supplemented medium’, use segmented agar plates that are separated into upper and bottom parts with a 3-mm air gap that is made with 3 mm-wide movable glass strips. Pour the control medium into the upper part and Fe-supplemented medium into the bottom part (Figure 3D). For (III) ‘shoot-Fe supplemented medium’, pour control medium into the bottom part and pour Fe-supplemented medium into the upper part (Figure 3E). The composition of the Fe-supplemented medium (350 μM Fe-EDTA) and control medium (50 μM Fe-EDTA) is similar to the normal growth medium but the pH is 5.3.
   
   
   Figure 3. Experimental setup for preparing control and Fe-supplemented medium. The control medium appears light gray; Fe-supplemented medium appears dark gray.
   
   
3. For Fe treatment of the seedlings. Germinate the seedlings (DR5:GUS lines) for 5 to 7 days and then transfer them to Fe-supplemented media with forceps (gently stir up the seedlings but do not pick them up) (Figure 4A). For ‘root tip-supplied’ plants, arrange so that only the primary root tip of the seedlings (~2 mm) is in contact with the bottom of the medium are referred to as ‘root tip-supplied Fe’ plants (Figure 4B). For ‘shoot-supplied Fe’ plants, arrange so that the shoot and mature primary root zone of the seedlings are in contact with the upper parts of the medium. The duration of the treatment is 5 days. All initiation events, including emerged LRs and LRP, are quantified using DR5:GUS lines (Figures 4C and 4D).
   
   
   Figure 4. Effect of local supply of Fe on LR initiation in Arabidopsis. A. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for applying excess Fe to the whole root versus the root tip and the shoot-mature root continuum. White sections indicate the basal growth medium with the control medium, and gray sections indicate the Fe-supplemented medium (350 μM Fe-EDTA). B. A picture of seedlings after transfer to the final media; C. Images of lateral roots observed under the microscope (Zhang et al., 1999); D. The effect of locally supplied Fe on LR initiation at 5 day. Values are means of 6 plants ± SE. Ctrl, Control medium.
   

Data analysis

After treatment count the number of lateral root initiation events under a dissecting microscope. The developmental stage of each lateral root primordia (LRP) is classified according to Zhang et al. (1999) into the following stages: stage A, up to three cell layers; stage B, unemerged, more than three cell layers; stage C, emerged LRs, less than 0.5 mm in length; and stage D, LRs, greater than 0.5 mm. The emerged but not activated LRP are still referred to as LRP, and only mature LRs (exceeding 0.5 mm in length) are denoted as LRs (Figure 4C). The number of lateral root initiation events is stage A + B + C + D (Figure 4D).

Notes

1. From the seed sterilization step, all the operations must be performed at a clean bench.
   
2. For the step of placing the glass bar in the Petri dishes: Firstly, the glass bar and forceps must be sterile; Secondly, the glass bar must be placed in the groove (air gap) of the Petri dishes using forceps. All the operations must be performed at a clean bench.
   
3. In Figures 3D and 3E, before moving on to step 3, you have to wait for the agar from step 2 to solidify in the upper part. Similarly, before moving on to step 4, wait for the agar from step 3 to solidify in the bottom part.
   

Recipes

1. Seed sterilization solution
   75% (v/v) ethanol
   10% (v/v) NaClO
   0.1% (w/v) SDS
   
2. Normal growth medium
   
   
   
3. Fe-supplemented medium
   Normal growth medium supplemented with 350 μM Fe-EDTA
   Adjust pH to 5.3 with 1 N NaOH
   
4. Control medium
   Normal growth medium supplemented with 50 μM Fe-EDTA
   Adjust pH to 5.3 with 1 N NaOH
   

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31430095) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation Program (CAS ISSASIP1604). This protocol was adapted from Li et al., 2015a.

References

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2. Giehl, R. F., Lima, J. E., von Wiren, N. (2012). Localized iron supply triggers lateral root elongation in Arabidopsis by altering the AUX1-mediated auxin distribution. Plant Cell 24(1): 33-49
   
3. Li, B., Li, Q., Su, Y., Chen, H., Xiong, L., Mi, G., Kronzucker, H. J. and Shi, W. (2011). Shoot-supplied ammonium targets the root auxin influx carrier AUX1 and inhibits lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ 34(6): 933-946.
   
4. Li, G., Kronzucker, H. J. and Shi, W. (2016). The response of the root apex in plant adaptation to iron heterogeneity in soil. Front Plant Sci 7: 344.
   
5. Li, G., Song, H., Li, B., Kronzucker, H. J. and Shi, W. (2015a). Auxin resistant1 and PIN-FORMED2 protect lateral root formation in Arabidopsis under iron stress. Plant Physiol 169(4): 2608-2623.
   
6. Li, G., Xu, W., Kronzucker, H. J. and Shi, W. M. (2015b). Ethylene is critical to the maintenance of primary root growth and Fe homeostasis under Fe stress in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 66, 2041-2054.
   
7. Vigani, G. (2012). Discovering the role of mitochondria in the iron deficiency-induced metabolic responses of plants. J Plant Physiol 169(1): 1-11.
   
8. Zhang, H., Jennings, A., Barlow, P. W. and Forde, B. G. (1999). Dual pathways for regulation of root branching by nitrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(11): 6529-6534.
   

1. Li, G., Zhang, L. and Shi, W. (2017). Determination of the Effects of Local and Systemic Iron Excess on Lateral Root Initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Bio-protocol 7(13): e2387. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.2387.
   
2. Li, G., Song, H., Li, B., Kronzucker, H. J. and Shi, W. (2015). Auxin Resistant1 and PIN-FORMED2 Protect Lateral Root Formation in Arabidopsis under Iron Stress. Plant Physiol 169(4): 2608-2623.