Tumorigenicity Assay in Nude Mice   

Materials and Reagents

1. 0.1-20 ml pipette tips (Eppendorf, catalog number: 22492012 )
   
2. 5-200 ml pipette tips (Eppendorf, catalog number: 22492039 )
   
3. 50-1,000 ml pipette tips (Eppendorf, catalog number: 22492055 )
   
4. Cell culture disc (75-cm²) (Corning, catalog number: 430641 )
   
5. Falcon 15 ml conical centrifuge tubes (Corning, catalog number: 430791 )
   
6. Counting slides (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: 1450011 )
   
7. Eppendorf tubes (1.5 ml) (Eppendorf, catalog number: 0030120086 )
   
8. Tuberculin syringe (1 ml) (BD, catalog number: 300841 )
   
9. BD 1 ml syringe (BD, catalog number: 309628 )
   
10. BD PrecisionGlide needle (25 G, 0.5 x 40 mm) (BD, catalog number: 301808 )
    
11. Female athymic nude mice (6-8 week old, Fourth Military Medical University, Experimental Animal Center, BALB/c)
    
12. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: C10010500BT )
    
13. Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 25200072 )
    
14. Ethanol (Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical, catalog number: 20160916 )
    
15. RPMI 1640 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: C11875500BT )
    
16. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 10099141 )
    
17. Penicillin-streptomycin (5,000 U/ml) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 15070063 )
    
18. L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 25030081 )
    
19. Complete 1640 medium (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. 2-20 μl pipettes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 4641060N )
   
2. 20-200 μl (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 4641080N )
   
3. 100-1,000 μl (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 4641100N )
   
4. Water-Jacketed CO2 incubators (Thermo Fisher Scientific, model: Model 3100 Series , catalog number: 3131)
   
5. Clean bench (Thermo Fisher Scientific, model: Heraguard^TM ECO )
   
6. Centrifuge (Eppendorf, model: 5424 R )
   
7. Automated cell counter (Bio-Rad Laboratories, model: T20^TM )
   
8. Microscope (Olympus, models: CX23 and BX53 )
   
9. Caliper (Mitutoyo, catalog number: 530-118 )
   

Procedure

1. Preparing cells for transplantation
   1. Cells were maintained in complete medium at 37 °C in 5% CO₂.
      
   2. Trypsinize cells at 80-90% confluence (in exponential growth phase) and harvest cells with complete medium to a sterile centrifuge tube.
      Note: Cells should be harvested in the exponential growth stage, which can greatly affect the viability of cell line transplantation. If the tumor viability is poor with a cell line xenograft, Matrigel can be used as injection mixture to provide an enriched stromal environment for engraftment.
      
   3. Pellet cells at 60 x g for 5 min, remove supernatant and resuspend cells homogeneously in PBS.
      Note: Cells should be resuspended into monoplast suspension for cell counting.
      
   4. Measure and adjust cell concentration to 1-5 x 10⁷/ml
      Note: Ensure that cells suspension is mixed uniformly for accurate cell counting.
      
   5. Transfer 5 x 10⁶ cells and spin at 60 x g for 5 min for cell collection.
      
   6. Resuspend the pelleted cells in 0.2 ml PBS and move them into a sterile Eppendorf tube (1.5 ml) for injection.
      
      
2. Subcutaneous injection of cells
   1. Fill injector (1 ml) with appropriate volume of cell suspension (0.2 ml), avoiding any bubbles to enter the syringe.
      
   2. Restrain the animal in an upright position by grasping the skin over the shoulders with the thumb and index finger, keeping the fore legs from pushing the syringe away (Figure 1).
      
   3. Disinfect the dorsal skin gently with 70%-ethanol-saturated cotton balls for 2-3 times (Figure 1).
      
      
      Figure 1. Disinfection of the nude mice dorsal skin. The nude mice were restrained by grasping the skin over the shoulders with left thumb and index finger. Disinfect the dorsal skin gently with 70%-ethanol-saturated cotton balls around the injection site for 2-3 times.
      
      
   4. Gently insert the needle into the skin on the dorsal flank to reach the subcutaneous pocket (avoid the underlying muscle layer) (Figure 2A).
      
   5. Gently expel the contents of the syringe. (Figure 2B).
      Note: If you inject accurately into the subcutaneous pocket, there will be no resistance to expel the contents of the syringe.
      
      
      Figure 2. Subcutaneous injection of cell suspension into the nude mice. A. Inserting the needle into the skin on the dorsal flank to reach the subcutaneous pocket but not the underlying muscle layer; B. Expelling the contents of the syringe for the subcutaneous implant.
      
      
   6. Withdraw the needle and place mice back into the cage.
      Note: After injection, stay for a few seconds before pulling out the needle in case of leakage of cell suspension.
      
   7. Monitor survival of nude mice and tumor growth 2-3 times a week, measuring the maximum (L) and minimum (W) length of the tumor using a slide caliper.
      
   8. Tumor volume can be calculated by the volume formula (Tomayko and Reynolds, 1989):
      
      V_T = 1/2(L x W x W)
      
      where, L: the maximum length of the tumor; W: the minimum length of the tumor.
      
   9. When tumor grows to a diameter of 150-200 mm³, remove the xenograft from sacrificed nude mice, weight and measure tumor size for tumor volume.
      
   10. Preserve the xenograft appropriately for histological or biochemical investigation if it is required.
       

Data analysis

1. Tumor size and weight of different groups are presented as the mean ± SD., which are adapted for tumor growth curve.
   
2. Differences between means were assessed using Student’s t-test. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
   

Notes

It is recommended to perform a small pilot study to determine the tumor take rate before the formal experiments. Additional cells and mice needed if the take rate is less than 100%.

Recipes

1. Complete 1640 medium
   10% FBS
   1% penicillin-streptomycin
   2 mM glutamine
   

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by NSFC grants 81602641 to Dr. Xiaodi Zhao.

References

1. Giovanella, B. C., Stehlin, J. S. and Williams, L. J., Jr. (1974). Heterotransplantation of human malignant tumors in "nude" thymusless mice. II. Malignant tumors induced by injection of cell cultures derived from human solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 52(3): 921-930.
   
2. Petricciani, J. C., Kirchstein, R. L., Hines, J. E., Wallace, R. E. and Martin, D. P. (1973). Tumorigenicity assays in nonhuman primates treated with antithymocyte globulin. J Natl Cancer Inst 51(1): 191-196.
   
3. Pretlow, T. G., Delmoro, C. M., Dilley, G. G., Spadafora, C. G. and Pretlow, T. P. (1991). Transplantation of human prostatic carcinoma into nude mice in matrigel. Cancer Res 51(14): 3814-3817.
   
4. Tomayko, M. M. and Reynolds, C. P. (1989). Determination of subcutaneous tumor size in athymic (nude) mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 24(3): 148-154.
   
5. van Meir, E. G. (1997). Identification of nude mice in tumorigenicity assays. Int J Cancer 71(2): 310.
   

1. Du, F., Zhao, X. and Fan, D. (2017). Tumorigenicity Assay in Nude Mice. Bio-protocol 7(13): e2364. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.2364.
2. Zhao, X. D., Lu, Y. Y., Guo, H., Xie, H. H., He, L. J., Shen, G. F., Zhou, J. F., Li, T., Hu, S. J., Zhou, L., Han, Y. N., Liang, S. L., Wang, X., Wu, K. C., Shi, Y. Q., Nie, Y. Z. and Fan, D. M. (2015). MicroRNA-7/NF-kappaB signaling regulatory feedback circuit regulates gastric carcinogenesis. J Cell Biol 210(4): 613-627.