Induction and Quantification of Patulin Production in Penicillium Species    

Materials and Reagents

1. 1,000 µl pipette tips (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: TF-1000-R-S )
   
2. 200 µl pipette tips (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: TF-200-R-S )
   
3. 10 µl pipette tips (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: TF-300-R-S )
   
4. Cheesecloth (Aladdin, catalog number: G6902 )
   
5. 90 x 15 mm Petri dish (any brand will suffice)
   
6. 10 ml centrifuge tubes (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: F601889 )
   
7. 1.5 ml centrifuge tubes (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: MCT-150-C )
   
8. Filter (pore size 0.45 μm) (EMD Millipore, catalog number: SLHV033RB )
   
9. Cellophane sheets (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: 1650963 )
   
10. 24-well culture plates (Corning, Costar^®, catalog number: 3524 )
    
11. Penicillium expansum T01: was isolated by our laboratory and whole-genome sequenced (Li et al., 2015)
    
12. Glycerol (AMRESCO, catalog number: M152 )
    
13. Tween 20 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T2700 )
    
14. Liquid nitrogen
    
15. Sterile distilled water
    
16. Water (HPLC grade) (Alfa Aesar, catalog number: 19391 )
    
17. Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) (Alfa Aesar, catalog number: 22927 )
    
18. Potato
    
19. Dextrose (Macklin, catalog number: D823520 )
    
20. Agar (HUAAOBIO, catalog number: HA0552 )
    
21. Sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) (Beijing Chemical Works, GB/T 647-1993)
    
22. Potassium phosphate dibasic trihydrate (K₂HPO₄·3H₂O) (Beijing Chemical Works, HG/T 3487-2000)
    
23. Potassium chloride (KCl) (Aladdin, catalog number: P112133 )
    
24. Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO₄·7H₂O) (Macklin, catalog number: M813599 )
    
25. Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄·7H₂O) (Aladdin, catalog number: F116341 )
    
26. Sucrose (Beijing Chemical Works, HG/T 3462-1999)
    
27. Yeast extract (Oxoid, catalog number: LP0021 )
    
28. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (AMRESCO, catalog number: 0369 )
    
29. PDA medium (see Recipes)
    
30. CY medium (see Recipes)
    
31. Acidified distilled water (pH 4.0) (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Glass spreading rod (any brand will suffice)
   
2. Hemacytometer (QIUJING, model: XB-K-25 )
   
3. 100-1,000 µl pipette (Eppendorf, catalog number: 3120000267 )
   
4. 10-100 µl pipette (Eppendorf, catalog number: 3120000240 )
   
5. 0.5-10 µl pipette (Eppendorf, catalog number: 3120000224 )
   
6. Centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, model: Microfuge 16 , catalog number: A46473)
   
7. Tweezer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 402011 )
   
8. High-performance liquid chromatography (WATERS Corp., MA, USA)
   
9. Auto sampler (WATERS, catalog number: 2498 )
   
10. Binary HPLC pump (WATERS, catalog number: 1525 )
    
11. UV/Visible detector (WATERS, catalog number: 2487 )
    
12. C18 column (5 μm, 250 x 4.6 mm) (GL Sciences, model: Inertsil^® ODS-3 )
    
13. Vortexer (Select BioProducts, catalog number: SBS100-2 )
    
14. Optical microscope (Chongqing Optec Instrument, model: B Series Biological Microscope , catalog number: B203LED)
    
15. Clean bench (Donglian Electronic & Technology Development, model: SCB-1520 )
    
16. Constant temperature incubator (TAICANG, model: THZ-C )
    

Software

1. Microsoft Excel
   
2. Empower 3.0
   
3. SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)
   

Procedure

1. Patulin induction with PDA (solid) medium (Zong et al., 2015)
   1. Five-microliter spore suspension (5 x 10⁶/ml in 16% glycerol, stored at -80 °C) of Penicillium expansum is inoculated on PDA plate (Figure 1A) and cultured for 2 weeks at 25 °C in the dark.
      Conidia are harvested with a glass spreading rod with 3-5 ml 0.05% Tween 20 (Figure 1B) and filtered through four layers of sterile cheesecloth (Figure 1C). Conidia are counted with a hemocytometer and diluted to a concentration of 1 x 10⁵ conidia/ml with sterile distilled water.
      
      
      Figure 1. Preparation of P. expansum spore suspension. A. Activation of P. expansum on PDA plate; B. Conidia harvesting with 0.05% Tween 20; C. Filtration of spore suspension with four layers of sterile cheesecloth.
      
      
   2. Five-microliter spore suspension is inoculated at the center of 9-cm PDA plates and incubated at 25 °C in the dark for 10 days (Figure 2A).
      
   3. Each of the Petri dish is washed with a glass spreading rod with 5 ml of acidified distilled water (pH 4.0) and the spore suspension is transferred to a 10 ml centrifuge tube with a 100-1,000 µl pipette (Figure 2B). Then, the spore suspension is centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 10 min and the supernatant is filtered through a 0.45 μm filter for patulin detection.
      
      
      Figure 2. Patulin induction with PDA medium. A. Asexual sporulation (top) and mycelial pigmentation (bottom) patterns of P. expansum after 10 days of cultivation on PDA plate; B. The spore suspension washed with 5 ml of acidified distilled water (pH 4.0).
      
      
2. Patulin induction with CY (liquid) medium
   1. P. expansum spore suspension is prepared as described above and diluted to a concentration of 1 x 10⁶ conidia/ml with sterile distilled water.
      
   2. Aliquots of 1 μl of spore suspension are spread on cellophane sheets (1 x 1 cm) placed on PDA plates and cultured at 25 °C for 36 h (Figure 3A).
      
   3. Then the cellophane sheets covered with P. expansum mycelia are transferred to CY liquid medium. Each cellophane sheet is floated on 1 ml CY liquid medium in a 24-well culture plate (Figure 3B). The whole plate is covered and sealed with Parafilm, then cultured under static conditions at 25 °C in the dark.
      
   4. At 48 h after transfer, mycelium and spores are collected with a tweezer and quickly frozen with liquid nitrogen for some other use (RNA/DNA/protein extraction) and the medium (Figure 3C) is filtered through a 0.45 μm filter for patulin detection.
      
      
      Figure 3. Patulin induction with CY medium. A. P. expansum mycelium incubated on cellophane sheets (1 x 1 cm) placed on PDA plates; B. Cellophane sheets covered with mycelium incubated on CY liquid medium in a 24-well culture plate; C. CY medium after removal of mycelium.
      
   
   
3. HPLC analysis
   1. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis is performed for determining patulin production.
      
   2. 10 μl of the filtrate extract is injected into a liquid chromatography equipped with an auto sampler (WATERS 2498), a binary HPLC pump (WATERS 1525), and a UV/Visible detector (WATERS 2487). A C18 column (5 μm, 250 x 4.6 mm, GL Sciences, Japan) is used for patulin detection.
      
   3. The mobile phase is a mixture of water and acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min in isocratic elution mode.
      
   4. The detection wavelength of patulin is 276 nm and the column oven is set at 25 °C.
      

Data analysis

1. To construct a standard curve
   The solutions of patulin were prepared at concentrations of 20, 50, 100, 200 and 250 μg/ml. The volume injected into the column was 10 μl. The retention time of patulin is about 9.28 min in the HPLC analysis with above experimental conditions (Figure 4A). Linear regression was used to prepare the standard curve by using the mean values of peak areas of five injections of the five solutions (Figure 4B). Equation of the standard curve was:
   
       E = 50990C + 39869 R² = 1
   
   where, E is the peak area of patulin injected (10 μl) and C is the concentration (μg/ml) of the standard patulin injected.
   The concentrations of experimental samples can be calculated with the corresponding peak area on the retention time of patulin (9.28 min) read by HPLC.
   
   
   Figure 4. HPLC analysis (A) and standard curve of patulin (B)
   
   
2. Statistical analysis
   Data from three independent experiments, each with five replicates, can then be analyzed with the statistic software SPSS version 13.0. ANOVA test was performed using Duncan’s multiple range test; P < 0.05.
   

Recipes

1. PDA medium (1 L)
   200 g potato
   20 g dextrose
   15 g agar
   Boiling 200 g of sliced potatoes in 1 L distilled water for 30 min, then decanting the broth through cheesecloth and adding 20 g dextrose and 15 g agar powder in the broth. Add distilled water to make up 1 L, and the medium is sterilized by autoclaving at 121 °C for 20 min
   
2. CY medium (1 L)
   3 g NaNO₃
   1 g K₂HPO₄·3H₂O
   0.5 g KCl
   0.5 g MgSO₄·7H₂O
   0.01 g FeSO₄·7H₂O
   30 g sucrose
   5 g yeast extract
   dH₂O up to 1 L
   Adjust to pH 5.2 by adding HCl, autoclave at 121 °C for 20 min
   
3. Acidified distilled water (pH 4.0, 100 ml)
   Prepare 100 ml distilled water, adjust to pH 4.0 with HCl, filter sterile through a 0.22 μm filter
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol was adapted from Li et al. (2015) and Zong et al. (2015). The work was supported by Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (grant number 2016YFD0400902).

References

1. Baert, K., Meulenaer, B., Kasase, C., Huyghebaert, A., Ooghe, W. B. and Devlieghere, F. (2007). Free and bound patulin in cloudy apple juice. Food Chem 100: 1278-1282.
   
2. Brause, A. R., Trucksess, M. W., Thomas, F. S. and Page, W. S. (1996). Determination of patulin in apple juice by liquid chromatography: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 79: 451-455.
   
3. European Commission Regulation (2006). Commission Regulation EC 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Commun L364: 5-24.
   
4. Li, B., Zong, Y., Du, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, Z., Qin, G., Zhao, W. and Tian, S. (2015). Genomic characterization reveals insights into patulin biosynthesis and pathogenicity in Penicillium species. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 28(6): 635-647.
   
5. Zong, Y., Li, B. and Tian, S. (2015). Effects of carbon, nitrogen and ambient pH on patulin production and related gene expression in Penicillium expansum. Int J Food Microbiol 206: 102-108.