Lung Section Staining and Microscopy    

Materials and Reagents

1. Fisherbrand Superfrost Plus microscope slides (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 12-550-15 )
   
2. Disposable mold
   
3. Coverslip slides
   
4. C57BL/6 mice
   
5. Tissue-Tek OCT compound (SAKURA FINETEK, catalog number: 4583 )
   
6. Formaldehyde, 37-40% ACS (Newcomer Supply, catalog number: 1089 )
   
7. Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: X100 )
   
8. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 10010023 )
   
9. Serum from secondary antibody’s host
   
10. Primary antibodies: Rabbit anti α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antibody (Abcam, catalog number: ab5694 )
    
11. Secondary reagents: Texas Red conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Abcam, catalog number: ab6719 )
    
12. Prolong^® Gold anti-fade reagent (Cell Signaling Technology, catalog number: 9071 ), or with DAPI (Cell Signaling Technology, catalog number: 8961 )
    
13. Paraffin
    
14. Ethyl alcohol (Newcomer Supply, catalog number: 10841 )
    
15. Xylene (Newcomer Supply, catalog number: 1446 )
    
16. S-mounting medium (Newcomer Supply, catalog number: 6750 )
    
17. Bouin Fluid (Newcomer Supply, catalog number: 1020 )
    
18. Biebrich scarlet-acid fuchsin solution (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: HT151 )
    
19. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A3912 )
    
20. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) (GE Healthcare, Hyclone^TM, catalog number: SH30396.03 )
    
21. Eosin Y (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: E4009 )
    
22. Acetic acid, glacial (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A6283 )
    
23. Aluminum potassium sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 237086 )
    
24. Hematoxylin (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: H3136 )
    
25. Sodium iodate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S4007 )
    
26. Citric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 251275 )
    
27. Ferric chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 157740 )
    
28. Hydrochloric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 320331 )
    
29. Phosphomolybdic acid solution (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: HT153 )
    
30. Phosphotungstic acid solution (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: HT152 )
    
31. Aniline blue (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 415049 )
    
32. Sodium chloride (NaCl) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S7653 )
    
33. Sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH₂PO₄) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S8282 )
    
34. Blocking buffer (see Recipes)
    
35. Eosin Y solution (see Recipes)
    
36. Eosin Y working solution (0.25%) (see Recipes)
    
37. Mayer’s hematoxylin solution (see Recipes)
    
38. Weigert’s iron hematoxylin solution (see Recipes)
    
39. Phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid solution (see Recipes)
    
40. Aniline blue solution (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Cryostat microtome
   
2. -70 °C freezer
   
3. Fluorescence microscope or a confocal microscope
   
4. Staining jar and slide rack, for example EasyDip Slide Staining System (Newcomer Supply, catalog number: 5300KIT )
   
5. Optical microscope
   

Procedure

1. Immunofluorescent staining of lung frozen sections
   Frozen lung tissues are prepared by inflating the lungs with optimum cutting temperature (OCT) compound through the trachea, tying off the trachea to maintain the fluid in the lung, and freezing the tissue in a disposable mold containing OCT. Frozen sections shall be cut at 5-10 µm in a cryostat microtome, mounted on Superfrost Plus microscope slides and stored in a -70 °C freezer. For detailed protocol of preparing frozen lung tissues and sections, please refer to Ling et al., 2009.
   1. Upon removal of the frozen sections from the freezer, immediately add 50 µl of 4% formaldehyde in PBS to cover the sections.
      
   2. Fix the tissues for 15 min at room temperature.
      
   3. Cover lung sections with PBS for 5 min, then drip off PBS. Repeat 3 times.
      
   4. Permeabilize cells by covering the sections with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 min (if staining for proteins that are intracellular).
      
   5. Rinse in PBS 3 times, 5 min each.
      
   6. Incubate in blocking buffer of 5% serum from secondary antibody’s host in PBS pH 7.5 for 30 min to block unspecific binding of the antibodies. Alternative blocking buffers are 1% BSA or 1% FBS in PBS.
      
   7. While blocking, prepare primary antibody at appropriate dilution in blocking buffer. For example, use 1:200 dilution for rabbit anti α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antibody (Abcam).
      
   8. Incubate lung sections with diluted primary antibodies for 60 min at room temperature (or overnight at 4 °C).
      
   9. Rinse slides 3 times in PBS, 15 min each.
      
   10. Incubate specimen in fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies diluted in blocking buffer for 60 min at room temperature. For example, use 1:1,000 dilution for Texas Red conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Abcam). From this step forward, specimen should be protected from light.
       
   11. Rinse slides three times in PBS, 15 min each.
       
   12. Coverslip slides with Prolong^® Gold anti-fade reagent with or without DAPI (Figure 1). DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) is a blue-fluorescent DNA stain that serves as an ideal nuclear counterstain for fixed cells. No additional step is required for DAPI staining.
       
       
       Figure 1. Mount a coverslip on glass slides with Prolong^® Gold anti-fade reagent. A. Before mounting a coverslip; B. After mounting a coverslip.
       
       
   13. Allow mounting media to cure overnight at room temperature.
       
   14. Observe (and photograph if necessary) an immunofluorescent stained slide by mounting it on the stage of a fluorescence microscope or a confocal microscope.
   
   
2. H&E staining of lung sections
   Lungs are fixed and embedded in paraffin as described in Baligar et al. (2016). Lung sections shall be cut at 4-5 µm from paraffin embedded lung tissues, and mounted on glass slides.
   1. Place slides in glass staining racks. The solutions fill in square glass staining jars. For EasyDip Slide Staining System, each jar holds 80 ml reagent and 12 slides in a staining rack.
      
   2. Deparaffinize the sections by two successive xylene baths, 10 min each.
      
   3. Hydrate the lung sections by passing through decreasing concentration of alcohol baths: 2 changes of absolute alcohol, 5 min each, 95% alcohol for 2 min and 70% alcohol for 2 min.
      
   4. Wash briefly in distilled water.
      
   5. Stain in Mayer’s hematoxylin solution for 8 min.
      
   6. Wash in warm running tap water for 10 min.
      
   7. Rinse in distilled water.
      
   8. Counterstain in 1% eosin Y solution for 30 sec to 1 min.
      
   9. Dehydrate in 95% alcohol and absolute alcohol, 2 changes of 2 min each or until excess eosin is removed. Check under microscope.
      
   10. Clear in xylene, 2 changes of 5 min each.
       
   11. Coverslip slides with resinous mounting medium.
       
   12. Observe (and photograph if necessary) an H&E stained slide by mounting it on the stage of an optical microscope.
   
   
3. Masson’s trichrome staining of lung sections
   1. Deparaffinize and rehydrate lung sections as above.
      
   2. Wash the lung sections in distilled water.
      
   3. Mordant in preheated Bouin Fluid for one hour at 56-60 °C or overnight at room temperature.
      
   4. Stain in Weigert’s iron hematoxylin solution for 10 min.
      
   5. Wash in running warm tap water for 10 min.
      
   6. Rinse in distilled water.
      
   7. Stain in Biebrich scarlet-acid fuchsin solution for 10-15 min.
      
   8. Rinse in distilled water.
      
   9. Differentiate in phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid solution for 10 to 15 min. Observe the slides frequently with naked eyes. Once collagen-rich areas lose red color and turn to clear proceed to the next step.
      
   10. Transfer slides directly to aniline blue solution and stain for 5 to10 min. Rinse in distilled water and differentiate in 1% acetic acid solution for 2 to 5 min.
       
   11. Wash in distilled water.
       
   12. Dehydrate very quickly through 95% alcohol and then absolute alcohol to wipe off Biebrich scarlet-acid fuchsin staining. Clear in xylene.
       
   13. Mount with resinous mounting medium.
       
   14. Observe (and photograph if necessary) a trichrome-stained slide by mounting it on the stage of an optical microscope.
       

Data analysis

Lung sectioning and staining are essential methods for studying lung development or lung pathology. Immunofluorescent staining visualizes the expression and localization of interested proteins. H&E staining is most widely used in histology studies and medical diagnosis. Masson’s trichrome staining detects collagen deposition in tissues. Figure 2 shows representative images of each staining on the lung sections from mice that had been undergone bone marrow transplantation and then infected with murine gamma herpesvirus 68 for three weeks.


Figure 2. Lung section staining. The lungs were removed from C57BL/6 mice that had undergone transplantation of syngeneic EGFP-expressing bone marrow for 5 weeks, and followed by infection with murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (5 x 10⁴ pfu/mouse) for 3 weeks. The lung had developed pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis as evidenced by infiltration of immune cells and deposition of collagen. A. Lung section is immunofluorescent stained with rabbit anti α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antibody and α-SMA positive cells are visualized by Texas Red conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody in red. Donor bone marrow-derived cells express EGFP in green. DAPI counterstains all of the cell nuclei in blue. B. H&E staining colors cytoplasm pink and nuclei blue; C. Masson’s trichrome staining colors collagen blue, cytoplasm pink and nuclei dark brown to black.

Recipes

1. Blocking buffer
   5% serum from secondary antibody’s host, or 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) in PBS pH 7.5
   
2. Eosin Y solution
   Eosin Y stock solution (1%):
   10 g eosin Y
   200 ml distilled water
   800 ml of 95% ethanol
   Mix to dissolve and store at room temperature
   
3. Eosin Y working solution (0.25%)
   250 ml of eosin Y stock solution
   750 ml of 80% ethanol
   5 ml glacial acetic acid (concentrated)
   Mix well and store at room temperature
   
4. Mayer’s hematoxylin solution
   50 g aluminum potassium sulfate (alum)
   1 g hematoxylin
   0.2 g sodium iodate
   1 g citric acid
   1,000 ml distilled water
   Stir to dissolve the chemicals in the order listed above
   
5. Weigert’s iron hematoxylin solution
   Stock solution A:
   1 g hematoxylin
   100 ml of 95% alcohol
   Stock solution B:
   4 ml of 29% ferric chloride in distilled water
   95 ml distilled water
   1 ml hydrochloric acid, concentrated
   Weigert’s iron hematoxylin working solution:
   Mix equal parts of stock solution A and B. This working solution is stable for 3 months
   
6. Phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid solution
   25 ml of 5% phosphomolybdic acid
   25 ml of 5% phosphotungstic acid
   
7. Aniline blue solution
   2.5 g aniline blue
   2 ml acetic acid, glacial
   100 ml distilled water
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol was adapted from our publication (Zhou et al., 2016). This work was supported by NIH grants AI117229, HL115618, T32HL07749 and 2UL1TR000433.

References

1. Baligar, P., Pokhrel, S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. (2016). Experimental liver fibrosis and intrasplenic transplantation of CD45⁺ bone marrow cells. Bio-protocol 6(20): e1972.
   
2. Ling, L. H., Rogers, S. M., Tay, V., Limmon, G. V., Dahai, Z. and Rogers, K. (2009). Comparison of various tissue-preparation techniques for cryosectioning of frozen mouse tissues. J Histotechnol 32(4): 186-189.
   
3. Zhou, X., Loomis-King, H., Gurczynski, S. J., Wilke, C. A., Konopka, K. E., Ptaschinski, C., Coomes, S. M., Iwakura, Y., van Dyk, L. F., Lukacs, N. W. and Moore, B. B. (2016). Bone marrow transplantation alters lung antigen-presenting cells to promote TH17 response and the development of pneumonitis and fibrosis following gammaherpesvirus infection. Mucosal Immunol 9(3): 610-620.