In vitro Microtubule Bundling Assay under Physiological Conditions    

Materials and Reagents

1. Microcentrifuge tubes (1.5 ml) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: Z336769 )
   
2. Aluminum foil
   
3. Double sided tape
   
4. Coverslip, No. 1.5-22 x 22 mm (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: Z692263 )
   
5. Microscope slides (AmScope, catalog number: BS-50P )
   
6. Kimwipe (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: Z188956 )
   
7. Pipette tips (Corning, catalog number: 4860 )
   
8. Tubulin (CYTOSKELETON, catalog number: MT001-A )
   
9. Glycerol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G2025 )
   
10. Rhodamine tubulin (CYTOSKELETON, catalog number: TL590M-A )
    
11. GTP (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G8877 )
    
12. Hydrochloric acid (HCl [37%, v/v]) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 320331 )
    
13. Full-length kinesin motor proteins are expressed and purified from baculoviral expression system
    
14. ATP (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A6419 )
    
15. Piperazine-N,N’-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P6757 )
    
16. Magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M4880 )
    
17. EGTA (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 03777 )
    
18. Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
    
19. Paclitaxel (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T7402 )
    
20. DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: D2650 )
    
21. DEAE-dextran (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 30461 )
    
22. Tris base (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T1503 )
    
23. Potassium chloride (KCl) (Sigma-Aldrich: P5405 )
    
24. Dithiothreitol (DTT) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: D0632 )
    
25. Protease inhibitors
    Aprotinin (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A3428 )
    Benzamidine (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: B6505 or 12072 )
    Note: The product “ B6505 ” has been discontinued.
    Pepstatin A (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P5318 )
    Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P7626 )
    Leupeptin (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: L2884 )
    Soy Bean Trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T6522 )
    tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 283096 )
    
26. Catalase (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C1345 )
    
27. Glucose oxidase (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C6766 or G7141 )
    Note: The product “ C6766 ” has been discontinued.
    
28. Glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G7021 or D9434 )
    
29. 10x phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P5493 )
    
30. BRB80 (see Recipes)
    
31. 1 µM, 10 µM, and 100 µM taxol (see Recipes)
    
32. DEAE-dextran (see Recipes)
    
33. Buffer T (see Recipes)
    
34. Antifade (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Nichipet EX-Plus II pipette 2-20 μl (Nichiryo, catalog number: 00-NPLO2-20 )
   
2. Nichipet EX-Plus II pipette 10-100 μl (Nichiryo, catalog number: 00-NPLO2-100 )
   
3. Water bath, from ambient to 100 °C (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, model: Precision^TM General Purpose Baths , catalog number: TSGP02)
   
4. Flow chamber (see Procedure)
   
5. Inverted fluorescence microscope (12-volt 100-watt tungsten-halide lamp, excitation wavelength, 547 nm; emission wavelength, 576 nm, in conjunction with a 570 nm dichroic mirror, objective: CFI Plan Fluor 100x oil) (Nikon Instruments, model: Eclipse E600 )
   

Procedure

1. Polymerization of fluorescent MTs
1. In a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, dissolve 0.25 mg tubulin in 60 µl of BRB80 solution (containing 10% glycerol). Store on ice.
   
2. Add 20 µg of Rhodamine tubulin into the 60 µl solution. Mix gently for 30 sec and store tube half submerged in an ice bucket.
   
3. Add 1/10 the total volume of the 60 µl of tubulin mix, worth of 10 mM GTP, to the 60 µl tubulin mix, with a final concentration of 1 mM GTP. Mix gently by inverting.
   
4. Add 1/10 the total volume of mixture step 1c, worth of 1 µM taxol, to the mix, with a final taxol concentration of 0.1 µM. Incubate (in water bath) at 37 °C for 10 min.
   
5. Add 1/10 the total volume of mixture step 1d, worth of 10 µM taxol, to the mix, with a final taxol concentration of 1 µM. Incubate (in water bath) at 37 °C for 10 min.
   
6. Add 1/10 the total volume of mixture step 1e, worth of 100 µM taxol, to the mix, with a final taxol concentration of 10 µM. Incubate (in water bath) at 37 °C for 10 min.
   
7. Store the polymerized MTs at room temperature, with the tube covered in aluminum foil and stored in a closet to protect the mixture from light. The MTs are stable for use for up to two weeks.
2. Prepare chamber
   
   
   Figure 1. Infusion of chamber. Using two pieces of double sided tape, a coverslip is attached to a microscope slide, completing the preparation of the flow chamber. Using a pipette with appropriate volumes, infuse chamber by pipetting solution into the opening of the flow chamber. A Kimwipe is used to facilitate diffusion of the solution across the chamber and absorb excess liquid at the end.
   
   
1. Acid wash coverslip with HCl (37%, v/v) for 24 h, rinse with de-ionized water and air dry for 24 h.
   
2. After cleaning, put a drop of 0.2 mg/ml DEAE-dextran on coverslip and let sit for 5 min.
   
3. Absorb remaining liquid with Kimwipe and air dry coverslip.
   
4. Place two strips of double sided tape (L x 22 mm) parallel to each other on microscope slide at a distance of 22 mm from each other. Place the coverslip down, matching the alignment of the tape, with the DEAE-dextran coated side facing towards the microscope slide. Refer to Figure 1.
3. Prepare bundling mixture.
1. Prepare 25 µl mix in buffer T, with the following reagents to a final concentration of; 2.5 mM MTs, 0.2 mM motor proteins, 10 µM taxol, and 1 mM ATP.
   Note: For motor proteins, we use hydrodynamic assays (Tao et al., 2016) to determine the MW. For MT, we use MW of tubulin dimer (α tubulin + β tubulin) to calculate the concentration of MTs.
   
2. Shake the mixture at 50 rpm at room temperature for 30 min.
4. Infuse mix from step 3 into flow chamber:
1. Infuse 25 µl into the flow chamber(s), let sit for 3 min. Refer to Figure 1.
   
2. Wash out any unstuck proteins with a continuous flow of 25 µl buffer T solution (including reagents with a final concentration of 1 mM ATP, 10 mM taxol, and Antifade), repeated two additional times. Use a similar technique as infusion. Refer to Figure 1.
   
3. Observe and record MT bundling using inverted fluorescence microscope (12-volt 100-watt tungsten-halide lamp, excitation wavelength, 547 nm; emission wavelength, 576 nm in conjunction with a 570 nm dichroic mirror, objective: CFI Plan Fluor 100x oil, Nikon Instruments, model: Eclipse E600).

Data analysis

The microtubule (MT) bundling assay was repeated three times, with three separate batches of reagents. 15 images were collected for each experiment. To ensure consistency, it is recommended that the assay be repeated three times, with 15 images collected for each. Figure 2 shows a kinesin holoenzyme crosslinking MTs into bundles. Figure 2A shows a robust bundle due to crosslinking activity of the kinesin motor. However, in Figure 2B the kinesin-1 head dimers do not bundle MTs, suggesting that the binding sites at opposite ends of the motor are required for crosslinking, rather than action of two heads at one end.


Figure 2. Example of bundling assay. Fluorescence microscopy of purified kinesin holoenzyme bundling MTs (A) while kinesin-1 head dimers unable to bundle MTs under same condition (B). Scale bar = 10 µm. (Tao et al., 2016)

Notes

1. To ensure maximum bundling activity, purify the motor proteins within 30 min before use in bundling assay.
   
2. For best results, fluorescent microtubules should be used within two weeks of their polymerization, with the mixture being stored in aluminum foil covered container, kept in a dark location.
   
3. Full-length kinesin motor cDNA was cloned into a Gateway Baculovirous expression vector (pDEST8) with a 6xHis tag. After verification by sequencing, the recombinant expression vector was used to generate recombinant Baculoviruses. Baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells were collected and then recombinant motor protein was purified on a Ni-NTA column using standard protocol (Tao et al., 2010).
   

Recipes

1. BRB80*
   80 mM PIPES
   1 mM MgCl₂
   1 mM EGTA
   Adjust pH to 6.8 with KOH
   
2. 1 µM, 10 µM, and 100 µM taxol
   20 µl of 1 mM taxol dissolved in 180 µl DMSO = 200 µl of 100 µM taxol
   6 µl of 100 µM taxol dissolved in 54 µl DMSO = 60 µl of 10 µM taxol
   6 µl of 10µM taxol dissolved in 54 µl DMSO = 60 µl of 1 µM taxol
   
3. DEAE-dextran
   0.2 mg/ml of ddH₂O
   
4. Buffer T*
   20 mM Tris
   150 mM KCl
   2 mM MgCl₂
   1 mM DTT
   Adjust pH to 8.0 with KOH
   Protease inhibitors with final concentration of Aprotinin 2 µg/ml, Benzamidine 20 µg/ml, Pepstatin A 1 µg/ml, PMSF 0.1 mM, Leupeptin 1 µg/ml, SBTI 100 µg/ml, Tame 40 µg/ml, added just before use
   
5. Antifade
   10 mg catalase
   3 mg glucose oxidase
   180 mg glucose
   100 µl 1 M DTT
   1.90 mg EGTA
   100 µl 10x PBS
   Fill to 1 ml with ddH₂O
   

*Note: Listed concentrations are final concentrations, buffer is prepared in ddH₂O.

Acknowledgments

This MT bundling assay was inspired by ‘Tum/RacGAP functions as a switch activating the Pav/kinesin-6 motor’ (Tao et al., 2016) and ‘Purification and assay of mitotic motors’ (Tao and Scholey, 2010). This work was funded by the NIH grant GM046409 to W.S. and NIH grant GM 55507 to J.M.S.

References

1. Tao, L., Fasulo, B., Warecki, B. and Sullivan, W. (2016). Tum/RacGAP functions as a switch activating the Pav/kinesin-6 motor. Nat Commun 7: 11182.
   
2. Tao, L., Mogilner, A., Civelekoglu-Scholey, G., Wollman, R., Evans, J., Stahlberg, H. and Scholey, J. M. (2006). A homotetrameric kinesin-5, KLP61F, bundles microtubules and antagonizes Ncd in motility assays. Curr Biol 16(23): 2293-2302.
   
3. Tao, L. and Scholey, J. M. (2010). Purification and assay of mitotic motors. Methods 51(2): 233-241.
   
4. van den Wildenberg, S. M., Tao, L., Kapitein, L. C., Schmidt, C. F., Scholey, J. M. and Peterman, E. J. (2008). The homotetrameric kinesin-5 KLP61F preferentially crosslinks microtubules into antiparallel orientations. Curr Biol 18(23): 1860-1864.