Determination of Soluble Sugars in Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves by Anion Exchange Chromatography    

Materials and Reagents

1. Plants grown in soil for 3 weeks
   Note: Treatment of samples is explained in the Procedure section.
   
2. Liquid N₂
   
3. Absolute ethanol
   
4. HEPES (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: H4034-1KG )
   
5. KOH (Panreac Applichem, catalog number: 121515 )
   
6. NaOH 50% (w/v) solution (AppliChem GmbH, catalog number: A3720, 1000 )
   
7. Milli Q grade water
   
8. 100 mM HEPES-KOH (see Recipes)
   
9. Extraction buffer 1 (EB1) (see Recipes)
   
10. 0.1 M NaOH (see Recipes)
    
11. 21.6 mM NaOH (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Small mortar and pestle
   
2. 1.5 ml microfuge tubes
   
3. Automatic pipettes
   
4. Precision scale
   
5. 2 ml microcentrifuge (Eppendorf, model: 5415R )
   
6. Vacufuge concentrator 5301 (Eppendorf)
   
7. Nylon filters (Whatman, catalog number: UN203NPENYL )
   
8. Dionex HPLC system (Dionex ICS 5000)
   
9. CarboPacPA10 column (4 x 250 mm) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 046110 )
   
10. CarboPacPA10 Pre-column (4 x 50 mm) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 046115 )
    
11. Gold electrode (Dionex ICS 5000)
    
12. Computer connected to HPLC system
    

Software

1. Chromeleon software (v.7.0) (Thermo Fisher Scientific)

Procedure

1. Collect leaf sample (or plant material) and freeze immediately in liquid N₂. Stored at -80 °C until use.
   
2. Grind plant tissue with mortar and pestle in the presence of liquid N₂ until the sample is converted to a fine powder.
   
3. Weigh 100-300 mg leaf powder into a microfuge tube and add extraction buffer 1. [The ratio of powered tissue/EB1 should be 1:1 (w/v).]
   
4. Heat the samples at 80 °C for 2 h to extract soluble sugars. Allow them to cool and centrifuge at 15,000 x g (13,000 rpm in a microfuge) 10 min.
   
5. Remove supernatant to a fresh microfuge tube.
   
6. The supernatant is evaporated in vacuum at 45 °C for 2 h.
   
7. Resuspend the dried extract in Milli Q grade water. [The ratio of water/original powdered tissue should be 0.5:1 (v/w).]
   
8. Keep on ice while preparing all samples. Freeze the samples at -20 °C for long storage, when necessary.
   
9. Clean soluble plant extracts by filtering through nylon filters. Suitable extract volumes (typically 50 µl) were made up to 200 µl with Milli Q grade water and filtered through Whatman Mini-Uniprep^TM nylon filters (0.2 µm pore size).
   
   1. Add 250 µl 21.6 mM NaOH to 50 µl filtered extracts and apply into a Dionex HPLC system. Set a 10 µl injection volume.
      
   2. Sugars are separated by isocratic elution at 20 °C with 18 mM NaOH as mobile phase at a flow of 1 ml/min [18% (v/v) 0.1 M NaOH and 82% (v/v) Milli Q grade water] through a CarboPac PA10 column and pre-column CarboPacPA10. Detection is carried out by amperometric detection with a gold electrode in nC units.
      
   3. The chromatograms are analysed using the Chromeleon software. Peaks are identified by their retention time in comparison with known standard sugars. The peak area is calculated by integrating the area between the start and the end of a peak (nC x min) using the Chromeleon software. A range of sugar mixtures of known concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 mM; as an example, see the 0.5 mM standard profile in Figure 1A) is applied into the HPLC system, as described above, to generate calibration curves for each sugar, relating peak area (as determined by the software) with concentration. The amount of a certain sugar is calculated comparing its peak area (Figure 1B) with those in the calibration curves. Sugar content in samples is expressed in micromoles of sugar per gram fresh weight.
      
      
      Figure 1. Sugar elution profiles in typical chromatograms. A. Sugar standards: Mixture of trehalose (peak 1), galactose (peak 2), glucose (peak 3), fructose (peak 4) and sucrose (peak 5) at 0.5 mM each. B. Plant extract showing glucose (1), fructose (2) and sucrose (3) peaks. Retention times are indicated for each peak. nC: 10^-9 C.

Representative data

1. Between working days and during weekends, columns and pre-columns were washed with 0.2 M NaOH at 0.1 ml min^-1 flow. After this treatment, they were equilibrated with 18 mM NaOH at 1 ml/min flow for at least one hour prior to sample loading. In order to monitor the reproducibility of the different analysis, aliquots of the 0.5 mM sugar standard mixture were analysed, as mentioned above, at the beginning and at the end of each sample batch.
   
   Table 1. Typical area values for the glucose, fructose and sucrose peaks in the 0.5 mM sugar standard aliquots (n=18)
   

   Area (nC x min)	Glucose	Fructose	Sucrose
   Mean	20.5	4.3	8.4
   SD	1.2	0.4	0.9

   
   The peak area values from a representative plant extract (i.e. Figure 1B) were 8.3, 0.5 and 2.2 nC x min for glucose, fructose and sucrose, respectively. These values could differ among samples, as expected since they were obtained in different experimental conditions, but they always fell into the measurable range corresponding to the calibration curve.
   

Notes

1. The use of Dionex equipment (or similar chromatographers containing plastic connections and tubing) is mandatory, as regular HPLC systems are not compatible with NaOH solutions.
   
2. A helium stream should be used in order to degasify the mobile phase.
   

Recipes

1. 100 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.7)
   Weigh 23.83 g HEPES
   Adjust pH to 7.7 with KOH
   Add Milli Q grade water to 1 L
   Stored at 4 °C
   
2. Extraction buffer 1 (EB1)
   Mix 20 ml 100 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.7) with 80 ml EtOH 100% (v/v)
   Stored at RT
   
3. 0.1 M and 0.2 M NaOH
   Dilute 5.25 ml or 10.5 ml (respectively) NaOH 50% (w/v) with Milli Q grade water to 1 L
   Stored at RT for no longer than 2 weeks due to carbonation
   
4. 21.6 mM NaOH
   Dilute 2.16 ml 0.1 M NaOH with Milli Q grade water to 10 ml
   Stored at RT for no longer than 2 weeks due to carbonation
   

Acknowledgments

This work was performed with funding from projects CSD2007-00057, BIO2008-02292, and BIO2011-28847-C02-00 (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MINECO) and Excellence projects P06-CVI-01450 and P08-AGR-03582 (Junta de Andalucía) partially supported by FEDER funding to F.V. and J.M.R. We also acknowledge the TRANSPLANTA consortium, Project CONSOLIDER 28317 (MINECO).

References

1. Ortiz-Marchena, M. I., Albi, T., Lucas-Reina, E., Said, F. E., Romero-Campero, F. J., Cano, B., Ruiz, M. T., Romero, J. M. and Valverde, F. (2014). Photoperiodic control of carbon distribution during the floral transition in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 26(2): 565-584.