Abstract
Therapy-induced hypoxia drives changes in the tumor microenvironment that contribute to the poor response to therapy. Hypoxia is capable of driving the expression and/or activation of specific signaling cascades (e.g., c-Met, Axl, CTGF), the recruitment of tumor promoting immune cells, and the induction of cell survival pathways including autophagy (Phan et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2012; Ye et al., 2010). We have recently shown that anti-VEGF therapy-induced hypoxia can result in changes in the extracellular matrix that contribute to the aggressiveness of tumors post therapy (Aguilera et al., 2014). Importantly, therapies that induce hypoxia do not always increase epithelial plasticity and tumor aggressiveness (Ostapoff et al., 2013; Cenik et al., 2013). We have used pimonidazole to evaluate hypoxia in tumors and herein provide a detailed protocol for this useful tool to interrogate the levels of hypoxia in vivo. The utility of the HypoxyprobeTM (pimonidazole hydrochloride) immunohistochemical analysis approach allows for the assessment of hypoxia in different tissues as well as cell types. Pimonidazole is a 2-nitroimidazole that is reductively activated specifically in hypoxic cells and forms stable adducts with thiol groups in proteins, peptides, and amino acids (Cenik et al., 2013; Arnold et al., 2010; Raleigh and Koch, 1990; Raleigh et al., 1998). Furthermore, the amount of pimonidazole that is detected is directly proportional to the level of hypoxia within tumors.
Materials and Reagents
Equipment
Software
Procedure
The following procedure measures hypoxia in tumor-bearing mice and can be used at any respective end point of an animal experiment.
Representative data
Figure 2. Representative data (taken from Reference 1). 6-week-old KIC mice were treated with saline or mcr84 for 1 week. Animals were sacrificed 1 h after pimonidazole injection (i.v.). Tissue was stained for endothelial cells (MECA32, red) and pimonidazole adducts (Hypoxyprobe, green). Hypoxic area was quantified and is presented on the right. Error bars: *P<0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison test. Pancreata from 6 animals were sectioned per treatment group, an average intensity value was determined for each organ and the intensities were averaged and the SEM was calculated. Please view this reference for more information on the model and context of the representative data. Figure 3. Representative data (taken from Aguilera et al., 2014). The amount of hypoxia within tumors was quantified using an antibody, FITC-conjugated mouse anti-pimonidazole, directed against an adduct that forms when Hypoxyprobe-1 enters hypoxic tissue. The percentage of threshold area was quantified and two separate experiments were combined by normalization to data from Sparc+/+ mice. Images display hypoxia (green) near the vasculature (red) stained with the rat antimouse endothelial cell (Meca-32) antibody within tumors. Nuclei are marked with DAPI (blue). Error bars: *P<0.05, student’s t-test. Please view this reference for more information on the model and context of the representative data.
Recipes
Acknowledgments
Drs. Bercin Kutluk Cenik and Shanna Arnold for information on this assay, Dr. Miao Wang for the tail vein injection procedure, and Dr. Michael Dellinger for the frozen slide staining protocol. This work is supported in part by a sponsored research agreement from Affitech AS (RAB), the NIH (R01CA118240 to RAB; F31CA168350 to KYA; U01CA141576 and R01CA137181 to DHC), and the Effie Marie Cain Scholarship for Angiogenesis Research (RAB).
References
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