Murine in vivo CD8⁺ T Cell Killing Assay    

Materials and Reagents

1. Splenocytes from a wild type mouse
   
2. PBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP399-20 )
   Note: 10x solution, diluted to 1x in house in distilled water and sterilized by autoclave.
   
3. RBC lysis buffer (eBioscience, catalog number: 00-4333-57 )
   
4. HBSS without Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 14175-095 )
   
5. RPMI-1640 medium (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 11875-119 )
   
6. Fetal bovine Serum (Atlanta Biologicals, catalog number: S11055H )
   
7. Penicillin/streptomycin (Gemini Bio-Products, catalog number: F52M00E )
   
8. L-Glutamine (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 25030-081 )
   
9. Trypan blue solution (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 15250-061 )
   
10. OVA_257-264 synthetic peptide (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S7951 )
    
11. 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 21888 )
    
12. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: D-8418 )
    
13. Collagenase D (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C-5138 )
    
14. Percoll (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P-1644 )
    
15. Complete RPMI-1640 media (see Recipes)
    
16. 100% percoll solution (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Centrifuge (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Sorvall^TM Legend RT )
   
2. 37 °C water bath
   
3. Hemocytometer
   
4. 15 ml and 50 ml Falcon tubes
   
5. 6 well plates (USA Scientific, CytoOne^®, catalog number: CC7682-7506 )
   
6. BD LSRII Flow Cytometer (BD)
   
7. 70 µm cell strainer (BD Biosciences, Falcon^®, catalog number: 352350 )
   
8. 5 ml polystyrene round-bottom tubes with cell-strainer cap (BD Biosciences, Falcon^®, catalog number: 352235 )
   
9. 3 ml syringe (BD, catalog number: 14-823-435 )
   

Procedure

1. Target cell preparation under sterile tissue culture conditions
   This step is for preparing peptide-pulsed target cells and stain cells with CFSE to distinguish peptide-pulsed target cells from control target cells.
   1.  OVA_257-264 peptide-loading for the target cells.
      1. Splenocytes are RBC lysed followed by washing with PBS twice.
         
      2. Resuspend cells in RPMI-1640 complete medium.
         
      3. Count the mononuclear cells by trypan blue exclusion using a hemocytometer.
         
      4. Resuspend cells at 5 x 10⁶/ml of RPMI-1640 complete medium.
         
      5. Divide the cells equally into two separate 50 ml Falcon tubes- one for peptide-pulsed target cells, and the other for unpulsed target cells.
         
      6. Add OVA_257-264 peptide at 1 µl/ml from a 200 µM stock to peptide-pulsed target cells.
         
      7. Add an equivalent amount of PBS to the unpulsed target cells.
         
      8. Incubate the cells in a 37 °C water bath for 1 h.
         
      9. Wash cells twice with RPMI-1640 complete medium.
         
      10. Centrifuge the cells at 1,500 rpm for 3 min at 4 °C.
          
      11. Resuspend the cell pellet in HBSS.
   2. CFSE cell labeling under sterile tissue culture conditions.
      1. Count all live cells by trypan blue exclusion using hemocytometer.
         
      2. Resuspend the cells in HBSS at 5 x 10⁷/ml.
         
      3. Thaw an aliquot of 5 mM stock CFSE solution.
         
      4. Make a fresh CFSE^low stock solution by diluting 5 mM stock 1:10 in DMSO (a final concentration of 0.5 mM).
         
      5. Incubate the unpulsed target splenocytes with the higher concentration of CFSE (CFSE^high): Add 1 µl of the 5 mM stock CFSE for each milliliter of unpulsed target cells (final concentration of 5 µM).
         
      6. Incubate the pulsed target splenocytes with the lower concentration of CFSE (CFSE^low): Add 1 µl of the 0.5 mM stock CFSE for each milliliter of peptide-pulsed cells (final concentration of 0.5 µM).
         
      7. Pipette cells up and down to mix well and incubate in water bath for 10 min at 37 °C. Gently agitate the cells periodically.
         
      8. Add 10x the volume of pre-warmed RPMI-1640 complete medium to the CFSE-labeled cells to stop the reaction.
         
      9. Pellet cells at 1,500 rpm for 3 min at 4 °C.
         
      10. Remove the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in cold RPMI-1640 complete medium.
          
      11. Wash the cells two more times with cold RPMI-1640 complete medium.
          
      12. Count the mononuclear cells by trypan blue exclusion using a hemacytometer.
          
      13. Wash the cells with cold PBS.
          
      14. Resuspend each cell populations in PBS at 6.7 x 10⁶/ml.
          
      15. Combine an equal volume (~equal numbers) of peptide-pulsed CFSE^low cells with unpulsed CFSE^hi cells and proceed with flow cytometry analysis (Figure 1a).
   
   
2. Intravenous injection of target splenocytes
   To investigate OVA_257-264-specific CD8⁺ T cell killing ability, peptide-pulsed and unpulsed target cells were mixed at a 1:1 ratio and transferred to the previously immunized mice.
   1. Recipient mice were infected with 5,000 colony-forming units (CFU) of Listeria monocytogenes expressing chicken ovalubmin (LM-OVA) 7 days intravenously before the CFSE-labeled cell injection.
      
   2. Inject intravenously 300 µl of the combined cell populations into the tail vein of each recipient. Each recipient should receive approximately 1 x 10⁷ peptide-pulsed target cells combined with 1 x 10⁷ unpulsed target cells.
      
   3. Wait for 4 h.
   
   
3. Preparation of splenocytes and lymphocytes in the liver for flow cytometry analysis
   This step is analyzing antigen-specific killing ability in the liver and the spleen by flow cytometric analysis of CFSE^low and CFSE^hi cell populations.
   1. Prepare splenocytes for flow cytometry analysis.
      1.  Wash once with PBS, and 2-300 µl into a 5 ml round bottom tubes through the cell strainer.
   2. Isolate lymphocytes from the liver.
      1. Harvest livers from the recipients and place them on ice.
         
      2. Make a fresh collagenase D solution by diluting 20 mg/ml stock 1:20 in PBS (a final concentration of 1 mg/ml).
         
      3. Chop liver with a blade on a slide glass and transfer them into a 50 ml falcon tube.    
         
      4. Add 7 ml of collagenase D (1 mg/ml) and vortex well.
         
      5. Incubate in water bath for 30 min at 37 °C. Vortex every 15 min.
         
      6. Put tubes on ice and add supernatant on 70 µm filter on a well of a 6 well plate. Grind chunks of the chopped liver with flat portion of 3 ml syringe. Wash the tube with 5 ml of PBS and repeat grinding.
         
      7. Transfer them to a 50 ml Falcon tube and spin down at 2,000 rpm for 5 min at 4 °C.
         
      8. Make fresh 44% and 66% percoll solution: Make 44% final concentration by diluting 100% percoll in PBS, and make 66% final concentration by diluting 100% percoll in RPMI-1640 medium.
         
      9. Resuspend pellet in 7 ml of 44% percoll, and load them on 3 ml of 66% percoll in 15 ml tube.
         Note: The gradient separation is sensitive to agitation. Try not to shake the tube.
         
      10. Centrifuge at 3,000 rpm for 30 min at 4 °C without brake.
          
      11. Transfer the interphase lymphocytes to a new 15 ml tube.
          
      12. Pellet cells at 2,000 rpm for 5 min at 4 °C.
          
      13. Wash once with PBS, and transfer 2-300 µl into a 5 ml round bottom tubes through the cell strainer.
   3. Proceed to flow cytometry analysis with spleen and liver samples (Figure 1b).
      
      
      Figure 1. CFSE expression in antigen-pulsed target cells and unpulsed target cells. a. Peptide-pulsed CFSE^low and unpulsed CFSE^hi splenocytes were mixed at a 1:1 ratio before transferring to the recipients. b. The mixture of peptide-pulsed and unpulsed splenocytes was transferred into the mice predisposed with LM-OVA at day 7 post infection. The spleen and the liver of the recipients were harvested after 4 h to determine percentages of CFSE^low and CFSE^hi cells among CFSE⁺ cells.

Recipes

1. Complete RPMI-1640 medium
   10% FBS
   1% Penicillin/streptomycin with L-Glutamine
   
2. 100% percoll solution
   90% of percoll
   10% of 10x PBS
   

Notes

1. The gradient separation is sensitive to agitation. Try not to shake the tube.

Acknowledgments

The protocol was adapted from a previously described study (Manjunath et al., 2001). This work was supported by the Starr Cancer Consortium (13-A123 to M.O.L. and M.Q.Z.), the Rita Allen Foundation (M.O.L.), the NBRPC (2012CB316503 to M.Q.Z), and the NIH (HG001696 to M.Q.Z.).

References

1. Ingulli, E. (2007). Tracing tolerance and immunity in vivo by CFSE-labeling of administered cells. Methods Mol Biol 380: 365-376.
   
2. Kim, M. V., Ouyang, W., Liao, W., Zhang, M. Q. and Li, M. O. (2013). The transcription factor Foxo1 controls central-memory CD8⁺ T cell responses to infection. Immunity 39(2): 286-297.