Zonal Sedimentation Analysis on Sucrose Gradients    

Materials and Reagents

1. Trimerized recombinant HA (recHA₃) derived from influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus (Magadan et al., 2013)
   
2. Gel filtration protein standards [carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa), ovalbumin (43 kDa), conalbumin (75 kDa), aldolase (158 kDa), and ferritin (440 kDa)] (GE, catalog numbers: 28-4038-41 and 28-4038-42 )
   
3. 4x NuPAGE LDS sample buffer (Life Technologies, catalog number: NP0007 )
   
4. NuPAGE Novex 4-12% Bis-Tris protein gels (Life Technologies, catalog number: NP0321PK2 )
   
5. NuPAGE MES SDS running buffer (Life Technologies, catalog number: NP000202 )
   
6. Ponceau S solution (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P7170 )
   
7. 5% acetic acid
   
8. Blotting grade blocker nonfat dry milk (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: 170-6404XTU )
   
9. 1x PBS (Life Technologies, catalog number: AM9624 )
   
10. Tween-20 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P1379 )
    
11. A home-made, conformation-independent mouse monoclonal antibody to denatured HA1 (clone CM-1)
    
12. A rabbit polyclonal anti-mouse HRP-conjugated antibody (Dako, catalog number: P0260 )
    
13. SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 34077 )
    
14. High purity sucrose (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: NC0110097 )
    
15. UltraPure 5 M NaCl (Life Technologies, catalog number: 24740-011 )
    
16. UltraPure 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0) (Life Technologies, catalog number: 15575-020 )
    
17. Sucrose gradient (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Refractometer (Bausch & Lomb Incorporated)
   
2. 14 x 89 mm Ultra Clear tubes (Beckman Coulter, catalog number: 344059 )
   
3. Pipettor
   
4. 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tubes
   
5. An ultracentrifuge equipped with a SW41 rotor (Beckman Coulter)
   
6. Nitrocellulose blotting membranes (0.45 µm pore size) (Life Technologies, catalog number: LC2000 )
   
7. A chamber to run mini-gels [I routinely use the XCell SureLock Mini Cell electrophoresis system (Life Technologies, catalog number: EI0001 ).]
   
8. A Mini Trans-Blot Cell (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: 170-3930 )
   
9. Carestream Kodak BioMax XAR films (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: F5388 )
   
10. Kodak X-OMAT 2000A processor or equivalent
    
11. A cassette for autoradiography
    

Software

1. ImageJ software (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/)

Procedure

1. Zonal sedimentation on a sucrose gradient
   1. Simultaneously load 6 µg of recHA₃ and 60 µg of each protein standard by pipetting them (use a 10 µl tip connected to a pipettor) just below the top of a 5-25% sucrose gradient containing a 60% sucrose cushion.
      
   2. Ultracentrifuge the sucrose gradient for 16 h at 35,000 rpm, 4 °C.
      
   3. Place the tube containing the sucrose gradient in a tightly fitted rack to avoid any undesired movement.
      
   4. Carefully place a 1 ml tip connected to a pipettor just below the top of the sucrose gradient.
      
   5. Manually collect fractions of 250 µl by slow pipetting.
      
   6. Transfer fractions to new 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tubes.
      
   7. Repeat steps A4 and A6 until the sucrose gradient is completely fractionated.
      
   8. Combine 15 µl of each fraction with 5 µl of 4x LDS sample buffer.
      
   9. Boil samples for 5 min.
      
      
2. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting
   1. Load 15 µl of every sample onto protein mini-gels.
      
   2. Run for ~1 h at constant 50 mA/gel.
      
   3. Transfer proteins to nitrocellulose membranes for ~1 h at constant 300 mA.
      
   4. Stain membranes with 10 ml 0.1% Ponceau S solution in 5% acetic acid for 5 min. Rinse membranes with water. At this point, it is possible to see the protein standards on the stained membranes.
      
   5. Scan or take a picture of the stained membranes.
      
   6. Block membranes with 10 ml 5% nonfat milk/1x PBS for 30 min at room temperature.
      
   7. Wash membranes with 10 ml 0.5% Tween-20/1x PBS for 10 min at room temperature with vigorous shaking.
      
   8. Incubate membranes with 10 ml neat mouse hybridoma supernatant containing the anti-HA antibody for at least 2 h at room temperature with slow rocking.
      
   9. Wash membranes 3 times with 10 ml 0.5% Tween-20/1x PBS for 10 min at room temperature with vigorous shaking.
      
   10. Incubate membranes with 10 ml anti-mouse HRP-conjugated antibody diluted 1:3,000 in 5% nonfat milk/1x PBS for 1 h at room temperature with slow rocking.
       
   11. Wash membranes 3 times with 10 ml 0.5% Tween-20/1x PBS for 10 min at room temperature with vigorous shaking.
       
   12. Incubate membranes with 5 ml SuperSignal West Pico chemiluminescent substrate for 5 min at room temperature with slow rocking.
       
   13. Expose films to membranes at room temperature.
       
   14. Develop films using a Kodak X-OMAT 2000A processor or equivalent.
       
   15. Please refer to Figure 5 on our prior publication (Magadan et al., 2013) for representative results and conclusions.
       
       
3. Calculation of the recHA₃ molecular size
   1. Measure the intensity of each protein standard band on stained membranes with Ponceau S using the Image J software. Then, plot the distribution of the protein standards on the different sucrose gradient fractions.
      
   2. Repeat step C1 measuring the distribution of recHA₃ obtained by Western blotting.
      
   3. By comparing both plots, it is evident that recHA₃ (~200 kDa) sediments as discrete peaks immediately following the fractions containing aldolase (158 kDa).
      

Recipes

1. Sucrose gradient
   Prepare a 60% sucrose stock by dissolving high purity sucrose in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 100 mM NaCl
   Measure the refractive index (RI) of the 60% sucrose solution using a refractometer (RI=1.4418 at room temperature)
   Make 25%, 22.5%, 20%, 17.5%, 15%, 12.5%, 10%, 7.5%, and 5% sucrose solutions using the 60% sucrose stock solution described above in this recipe
   Pour a 2 ml 60% sucrose cushion in a 14 x 89 mm tube and then 1 ml of the following sucrose solutions by careful pipetting: 25%, 22.5%, 20%, 17.5%, 15%, 12.5%, 10%, 7.5%, and 5%
   Equilibrate the sucrose gradient for at least 1 h at room temperature
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol has been adapted from a previously published paper (Magadan et al., 2013). This work was supported by the Division of Intramural Research of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health.

References

1. Magadan, J. G., Khurana, S., Das, S. R., Frank, G. M., Stevens, J., Golding, H., Bennink, J. R. and Yewdell, J. W. (2013). Influenza A virus hemagglutinin trimerization completes monomer folding and antigenicity. J Virol 87(17): 9742-9753.