VIGS Assays    

Materials and Reagents

1. 6-leaf-stage Nicotiana benthamiana plants 
   Note: Nicotiana benthamiana can be obtained from our lab (Figure 1).
   
   
   Figure 1. 6-leaf-stage Nicotiana benthamiana plant
   
   
2. Bacteria strains 
   a.  Escherichia coli strains, such as DH5α 
   b.  Agrobacterium strains, such as GV3101
   Note: All strains were obtained from our lab.
3. pTRV1 and pTRV2-LIC based expression vectors (Dong et al., 2007)
   1. pTRV1: a T-DNA vector containing duplicated CaMV 35S promoter, NOS terminator and cDNA clone of TRV RNA1 of Ppk20 strain.
      
   2. pTRV2-LIC: a T-DNA vector containing  duplicated CaMV 35S promoter,  NOS terminator and cDNA clone of TRV RNA2, of which non-structural genes were replaced by a multiple cloning site (MCS).
      
   3. pTRV2-NbPDS: gene fragement of NbPDS was inserted at MCS into pTRV2-LIC. This construct was usually used as a control to show the successful gene silencing.
      
   4. pTRV1 (ABRC, catalog number: CD3-1039 ) and pTRV2-LIC (ABRC, catalog number: CD3-1042 ) could be ordered at  http://www.arabidopsis.org/abrc/catalog/vector_3.html.
      
4. Media for Agrobacteria  
   1. Liquid Luria-Bertani (LB) medium
      
   2. Solid LB plates with 0.12% agar
      Note: LB medium is autoclaved under 120 °C for 20 min.
5. Antibiotics 
   a.  Kanamycin
   b.  Rifampicin
   c.  Gentamicin
   
6. Easy Taq DNA polymerase (Beijing TransGen Biotech)
   
7. dNTP (Roche)  
   
8. TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (Beijing TransGen Biotech)
   
9. MgCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich)
   
10. MES (AMRESCO)
    
11. Acetosyringone (Sigma-Aldrich)
    
12. DMSO (AMRESCO)
    
13. Infiltration buffer (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Centrifuge tubes
   
2. Plant growth chamber (24 °C, 16 h photoperiod conditions, 50% huminity)
   
3. Sterile 1 ml syringe without needle
   
4. Sterile bacterial culture tubes
   
5. Centrifuge
   
6. PCR instrument
   
7. 37 °C and 28 °C incubators with shaking
   

Procedure

1. Clone plant target gene fragment into pTRV2-LIC as described previously (Liu et al., 2002), and transform it into Escherichia coli DH5α. Positive clones were picked up and the plasmid DNA was amplified by PCR, using specific primer pairs, and then confirmed for correct insertion by DNA sequencing. Grow a positive clone in 5 ml LB liquid medium (containing 50 µg/ml Kanamycin) in 37 °C incubator at 200 rpm shaking overnight. Collect the bacteria by 14,000 x g centrifuging for 1 min at room temperature and then extract plasmids using mini plasmid kit.
   
2. Transform pTRV1, pTRV2 or its derivatives into Agrobacterium strain GV3101 respectively. Transformed Agrobacteria were grown for 2 days on LB plates containing 50 µg/ml Kanamycin, 30 µg/ml Rifampicin and 50 µg/ml gentamicin.
   
3. Pick several clones and confirm that the grown Agrobacteria contain correct plasmid using PCR with specific primers.
   
4. Grow one positive clone from each transformant containing pTRV1, pTRV2 or pTRV2 derivatives in 5 ml liquid LB media (containing 50 µg/ml Kanamycin, 50 µg/ml Rifampicin and 50 µg/ml Gentamicin) in 28 °C incubator shaking at 200 rpm overnight.
   Note: Inoculating Agrobacteria into media for culturing should be done on super-clean bench, all equipments used needs to be sterile.
   
5. Take the culture tubes out of the incubators. Adjust all the Agrobacterium culture to OD₆₀₀=1.0. Taking equal volumes of agrobacterium culture (OD₆₀₀ = 1.0) with pTRV1 and that with pTRV2 or pTRV2 derivatives. Mix them together and pellet by centrifuging at 3,000 x g for 5 min, at room temperature.
   
6. Pour off the supernatant, re-suspend the agrobacterium pellet in infiltration buffer of equal volume to that of Agrobacterium culture (as to keep the OD₆₀₀ at around 1.0). Keep the re-suspended culture at room temperature for 2-4 h.
   
7. Select 6-leaf-stage plants and inflitrate the re-suspended Agrobacterium culture into abaxial side of expanded leaves, using 1 ml-syringe (without needles). 2 or 3 leaves of each plant need to be injected. Plants were grown in a growth room with a 16-h/8-h photoperiod at a light intensity of 10,000 lux at 24 °C. Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of infiltration. Figure 3 showed the leaf state right afer inoculation.
   Note: Each leaf for inoculation is often injected 2 circles with 1 cm diameters.
   
   
   Figure 2. Schematic diagram of infiltration
   
   
   Figure 3. The right picture showed the state right after inoculation and the left one showed a non-infected leaf
   
   
8. 2 weeks post inoculation, target gene will be silenced at whole plant level. The new leaves always show the strong silencing phenotype, and are appropriate for following study. Figure 4 shows the upper leaves of plants that PDS gene was silenced by VIGS.
   
   
   Figure 4. Successful silencing of NbPDS. Photograph was taken 2 weeks post inoculation.
   

Recipes

1. Infiltration buffer (10 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM MES, and 200 µM acetosyringone) (100 ml)
   1 M MgCl₂: 20.33 g MgCl₂ dissolved in 100 ml dH₂O, autoclaved by 120 °C, 20 min. 1 M MgCl₂ stock was stored at 4 °C.
   1 M MES: 21.325 g MES dissolved in 100 ml dH₂O, filter sterilized with 0.22 µm filter membrane
   200 mM acetosyringone: 0.3924 g acetosyringone dissolved in 10 ml DMSO. 1 M MES stock was stored at room temperature. 200 mM acetosyringone was stored at -20 °C.
   100 ml infiltration buffer
   1 ml 1 M MgCl₂
   1 ml 1 M MES
   100 μl 200 mM acetosyringone
   Add dH₂O to 100 ml
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol was adapted from the research article: Wang et al. (2013).

References

1. Dong, Y., Burch-Smith, T. M., Liu, Y., Mamillapalli, P. and Dinesh-Kumar, S. P. (2007). A ligation-independent cloning tobacco rattle virus vector for high-throughput virus-induced gene silencing identifies roles for NbMADS4-1 and -2 in floral development. Plant Physiol 145(4): 1161-1170.
   
2. Liu, Y., Schiff, M., Marathe, R. and Dinesh-Kumar, S. P. (2002). Tobacco Rar1, EDS1 and NPR1/NIM1 like genes are required for N-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. Plant J 30(4): 415-429.
   
3. Wang, Y., Yu, B., Zhao, J., Guo, J., Li, Y., Han, S., Huang, L., Du, Y., Hong, Y., Tang, D. and Liu, Y. (2013). Autophagy contributes to leaf starch degradation. Plant Cell 25(4): 1383-1399.