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提升昆虫新种发表严谨性的若干建议   

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摘要: 本文基于对《昆虫分类学报》期刊中2024年全部新种描述论文的统计分析,针对文中标本号标注、图片关联、采集地信息、新物种界定、作者及采集人信息等方面存在的问题,提出了若干建议,有助于提升科学严谨性。

关键词: 昆虫分类学, 新种描述, 发表规范

引言

昆虫作为地球上种类最为繁盛的动物类群,已知物种超过百万,约占整个动物界的三分之二,据估计实际物种数量可能高达千万[1]。面对如此庞大的生物多样性,昆虫新种的发现与描述是一项既具挑战性又需持之以恒的基础性工作。昆虫分类学作为一门科学学科,其同样具有科学的核心价值之一,即结果的可重复性。为了解当前新种发表中可能存在的不足,本研究系统分析了《昆虫分类学报》2024年刊登的所有分类学论文,并据此提出以下改进建议。

材料和方法

本研究选取《昆虫分类学报》2024年出版的全部4期,共35篇分类学论文作为分析样本,其中涉及新种发表的论文有29篇[2–30]。针对以下四个问题进行了统计分析:(1)用于描述新种的标本是否分配了唯一的标本号;(2)论文中展示的特征图片是否标注了所对应的标本号;(3)标本的采集地信息是否提供了精确的经纬度坐标;(4)新种的描述是否仅基于单一标本(即独模标本)。

结果与讨论

  1. 标本必须具备唯一标本号
    在29篇论文中,有22篇所描述的新种标本未分配标本号。昆虫标本通常附有采集地、采集时间和采集人等基本信息。然而,在标本正式入库前,为其赋予一个独立且唯一的标本号至关重要。这一编号是后续研究者追溯、核实原始标本的唯一凭证,是确保研究可重复性的基础。诚然,对于馆藏基数庞大的高校或科研院所而言,为所有历史标本补录编号确需投入大量人力物力。但至少对于论文中明确检视并用于新种描述的标本,作者必须在投稿前完成标本号的补充登记,并将其在论文中标注。同时对于论文中出现的其他检视过的标本也建议补充标本号。
  2. 特征图片需明确关联具体标本
    在29篇论文中,18篇中的特征图片未能明确指出其对应的具体标本。如同人有高矮胖瘦,同一种昆虫在形态上也可能表现出个体差异。因此,在新种描述中展示的关键特征图,应明确指出其源自哪个具体标本。当然,若标本没有赋予标本号时,作者显然不能关联图片。推荐优先选用正模标本(Holotype),以确保形态描述的准确性和代表性。
  3. 采集地信息应采用经纬度精确标注
    29篇论文中有15篇的标本采集地信息未提供经纬度坐标。采集地信息有助于理解物种分布,对未来可能的再次采集至关重要。《昆虫分类学报》目前全部采用英文表述,采集地名标注为拼音。然而,汉字拼音存在大量同音现象(例如,云南的宜良县和彝良县的拼音均为Yi Liang),这使得后续研究者难以准确还原采集地点。论文作者有责任考证准确的采集地,补充经纬度坐标作为地理定位信息。如期刊允许,同时附上中文地名。这样能够有效避免歧义,确保信息的准确传递和长期可用性。
  4. 基于单一标本(独模)发表新种应持谨慎态度
    在29篇论文中,有6篇新种的描述仅基于单一标本。鉴于前文所述,昆虫存在个体差异,包括颜色多型、羽化畸形、伤残后蜕皮再生、寄生虫引起的雄性外生殖器变化等[31],仅凭一个标本就判断其为新种,其科学严谨性可能存疑。这些差异究竟是种间差异还是种内变异,往往难以仅凭单一个体做出可靠判断。因此建议在发表新种时,应尽可能提供多个标本。此外,如果一定要基于一个标本发表新种,建议提供其他有力证据支持其独立的物种地位,例如分子条形码(DNA barcoding)。
  5. 论文作者及标本采集人的姓名应尽可能提供全称
    鼓励作者使用ORCID(开放研究者与贡献者身份识别码),这有助于在全球范围内唯一标识研究者,避免因姓名重复带来的混淆。采集人姓名应完整标注,例如中文“张三”应写作“Zhang San”,而非“Zhang S”,从而最大程度地区分不同采集人。完整的采集人信息至关重要。由于昆虫个体微小、生境特殊,采集往往不易。即使拥有精确的经纬度,后续研究者也未必能成功再次采集到该物种。详细的采集笔记、生境描述等信息,往往只有采集人本人掌握,而这些信息难以全部体现在有限的采集标签上。因此,提供完整的采集人信息(包括中文姓名,便于联系),或尽可能标注联系方式,对于未来研究者和采集人之间的沟通、获取更详尽的采集背景信息、乃至再次定位和采集该物种,都具有极高的价值。

致谢

感谢周妍玲、刘大冰两位同学在参考文献格式整理方面提供的帮助。

利益冲突

作者声明无利益冲突。

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Copyright: © 2025 The Authors; exclusive licensee Bio-protocol LLC.
引用格式:何祝清. (2025). 提升昆虫新种发表严谨性的若干建议. Bio-101: e1011035. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.1011035.
How to cite: He, Z. Q. (2025). 提升昆虫新种发表严谨性的若干建议. Bio-101: e1011035. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.1011035.
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