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About Us
For Authors
Submission Procedure
Preparation Guidelines
Submit Manuscript
Editorial Process
Editorial Criteria
Publishing Ethics
Competing Interests
Copyright & Permissions
Archive
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Volume 11, 2021
Volume 10, 2020
Volume 9, 2019
Volume 8, 2018
Volume 7, 2017
Volume 6, 2016
Volume 5, 2015
Volume 4, 2014
Volume 3, 2013
Volume 2, 2012
Volume 1, 2011
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Biochemistry
Ribonucleoprotein Immunoprecipitation (RIP) Analysis
Authors:
Jennifer L. Martindale
,
Myriam Gorospe
and
Maria L. Idda
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
3437,
Q&A:
0
RNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) can interact dynamically in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes that play important roles in controlling gene expression programs. One of the powerful ways to investigate changes in the association of RNAs with an RBP of interest is by immunoprecipitation (IP) analysis of native RNPs. RIP (RNP ...
More >>
Protocols for Processing and Interpreting cryoEM Data Using Bsoft: A Case Study of the Retinal Adhesion Protein, Retinoschisin
Author:
J. Bernard Heymann
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
2161,
Q&A:
0
The goal of cryoEM is to determine the structures of biomolecules from electron micrographs. In many cases the processing is straightforward and can be handled with routine protocols. In other cases, the properties and behavior of the specimen require adaptions to properly interpret the data. Here I describe the protocols for examining the higher ...
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Biophysics
Studying Protein Aggregation in the Context of Liquid-liquid Phase Separation Using Fluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy, Fluorescence and Turbidity Assays, and FRAP
Authors:
W. Michael Babinchak
and
Witold K. Surewicz
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
3328,
Q&A:
0
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) underlies the physiological assembly of many membrane-less organelles throughout the cell. However, dysregulation of LLPS may mediate the formation of pathological aggregates associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we present complementary experimental approaches to study protein aggregation within ...
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Characterizing the Two-photon Absorption Properties of Fluorescent Molecules in the 680-1300 nm Spectral Range
Authors:
Mikhail Drobizhev
,
Rosana S Molina
and
Thomas E Hughes
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
1831,
Q&A:
0
Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) is a state-of-the-art technique used for non-invasive imaging deep inside the tissue, with high 3D resolution, minimal out-of-focus photodamage, and minimal autofluorescence background. For optimal application of fluorescent probes in 2PLSM, their two-photon absorption (2PA) spectra, expressed in ...
More >>
Cancer Biology
Isolation of Stem Cells, Endothelial Cells and Pericytes from Human Infantile Hemangioma
Authors:
Lan Huang
and
Joyce Bischoff
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
1812,
Q&A:
0
Infantile hemangioma (IH) is a vascular tumor noted for its excessive blood vessel formation during infancy, glucose-transporter-1 (GLUT1)-positive staining of the blood vessels, and its slow spontaneous involution over several years in early childhood. For most children, IH poses no serious threat because it will eventually involute, but a subset ...
More >>
Bone-in-culture Array to Model Bone Metastasis in
ex vivo
Condition
Authors:
Hai Wang
and
Xiang H.-F. Zhang
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
1887,
Q&A:
0
Bone is the most frequently affected organ by metastases of breast cancer and prostate cancer. Our knowledge on bone metastasis is extremely limited due to the lack of potent and efficient experimental models. We developed the “Bone-In-Culture Array (BICA)” platform to model the bone colonization of cancer cells in
ex vivo
cultures. The ...
More >>
Immunology
Quantifying HIV-1-Mediated Gut CD4
+
T Cell Death in the Lamina Propria Aggregate Culture (LPAC) Model
Authors:
Stephanie M. Dillon
,
Kejun Guo
,
Moriah J. Castleman
,
Mario L. Santiago
and
Cara C. Wilson
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
1754,
Q&A:
0
Gut CD4 T cells are major targets of HIV-1 and are massively depleted early during infection. To better understand the mechanisms governing HIV-1-mediated CD4 T cell death, we developed the physiologically-relevant Lamina Propria Aggregate Culture (LPAC) model. The LPAC model is ideal for studying CD4 T cell death induced by clinically-relevant ...
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Automated Analysis of Cell Surface Ruffling: Ruffle Quantification Macro
Authors:
Nicholas D. Condon
,
Jennifer L. Stow
and
Adam A. Wall
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
2024,
Q&A:
1
Cell surface protrusions include F-actin rich, wave-like ruffles that are erected transiently in response to stimuli and during cell migration. Macrophages are innate immune cells that ruffle constitutively and more dramatically in cells activated by pathogens. Dorsal ruffles and their resulting macropinosomes are key sites for environmental ...
More >>
Microbiology
Sulfatase Assay to Determine Influence of Plants on Microbial Activity in Soil
Authors:
Anna Koprivova
,
Achim Schmalenberger
and
Stanislav Kopriva
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
2366,
Q&A:
0
Sulfatase activity is often used as a measure of the activity of soil microorganisms. It is thus a suitable tool to investigate the response of microbes to plants. Here we present a method to determine the influence of various
Arabidopsis
genotypes on the function of soil microbiota using the sulfatase as a quantitative measure. We grew ...
More >>
A Radioactive-free Kinase Inhibitor Discovery Assay Against the
Trypanosoma brucei
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 short (
Tb
GSK-3s)
Authors:
Antonia Efstathiou
and
Despina Smirlis
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
1597,
Q&A:
0
The identification of small molecules possessing inhibitory activity
in vitro
, against a given target kinase, is the first step in the drug discovery process. Herein, we describe a non radioactive protocol using luciferase-based ATP assay for the identification of inhibitors for the short isoform of the
Trypanosoma brucei
’s ...
More >>
Measurement of the Promoter Activity in
Escherichia coli
by Using a Luciferase Reporter
Authors:
Yuki Yamanaka
,
Hiroki Watanabe
,
Erika Yamauchi
,
Yukari Miyake
and
Kaneyoshi Yamamoto
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
1872,
Q&A:
0
The reporter system is widely used technique for measuring promoter activity in bacterial cells. Until now, a number of reporter system have been developed, but the bioluminescent reporter constructed from the bacterial luciferase genes is one of the useful systems for measuring
in vivo
dynamics of gene expression. The introduced ...
More >>
Study of Microbial Extracellular Vesicles: Separation by Density Gradients, Protection Assays and Labelling for Live Tracking
Authors:
Carolina Coelho
,
Raghav Vij
,
Daniel Q. Smith
,
Nathan R. Brady
,
Anne Hamacher-Brady
and
Arturo Casadevall
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
2018,
Q&A:
0
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all domains of life including Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. EVs are critical for cellular physiology and contain varied cargo: virulence factors, cell wall remodeling enzymes, extracellular matrix components and even nucleic acids and metabolites. While various protocols for isolating EVs have been ...
More >>
Neuroscience
Protocol for Measuring Free (Low-stress) Exploration in Rats
Authors:
Wojciech Pisula
and
Klaudia Modlinska
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
1927,
Q&A:
0
Research on exploratory behavior plays a key part in behavioral science. Studying exploratory behavior of laboratory rodents may provide important data about many developmental and neurobiological processes occurring in animal ontogenesis. The proposed protocol for measuring the free (low-stress) exploration behavior in rats is straightforward, ...
More >>
A Single Test to Study Social Behavior and Repetitive Self-grooming in Mice
Authors:
Niraj V. Lawande
,
Ammar L. Ujjainwala
and
Catherine A. Christian
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
2142,
Q&A:
0
The ability to recognize and interact with members of the same species is essential for social communication. Investigating the neural substrates of social interest and recognition may offer insights into the behavioral differences present in disorders affecting social behavior. Assays used to study social interest in rodents include the 3-chamber ...
More >>
A Simple and Efficient Method for Concomitant Isolation and Culture of Enriched Astroglial and Microglial Cells from the Rat Spinal Cord
Authors:
Pooja Shree Mishra
and
Trichur R Raju
,
date:
01/20/2020,
view:
2133,
Q&A:
0
Investigations into glial biology have contributed substantially in understanding the physiology and pathology of the nervous system. However, intricacies of the neuron-glial and glial-glial interactions
in vivo
present significant challenges while delineating the individual cell-type contributions, thus making the
in vitro
...
More >>
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