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Cluster Analysis of Endogenous HER2 and HER3 Receptors in SKBR3 Cells

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Genome-wide Estimation of Evolutionary Distance and Phylogenetic Analysis of Homologous Genes

Authors: Meixia Zhao, Biao Zhang, Jianxin Ma and Damon Lisch, date: 12/05/2018, view: 129, Q&A: 0

Homologous genes, including paralogs and orthologs, are genes that share sequence homologies within or between different species. Homologous genes originate from a common origin through speciation, genetic duplication or horizontal gene transfer. ...

Using Arabidopsis Mesophyll Protoplasts to Study Unfolded Protein Response Signaling

Authors: Yan Bao and Diane C. Bassham, date: 12/05/2018, view: 159, Q&A: 0

Various environmental stresses or artificial reagents can trigger unfolded protein accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) due to the folding capacity of the ER being exceeded. This is termed ER stress, and triggers the unfolded protein ...

Field Inoculation and Classification of Maize Ear Rot Caused by Fusarium verticillioides

Authors: Chaopei Dong, Yabin Wu, Jingyang Gao, Zijian Zhou, Cong Mu, Peipei Ma, Jiafa Chen and Jianyu Wu, date: 12/05/2018, view: 77, Q&A: 0

Maize ear rot is a worldwide fungal disease mainly caused by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum. Maize planted in the field was inoculated with Fusarium verticillioides at the filling stage, 15 days after ...

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Genome-wide Estimation of Evolutionary Distance and Phylogenetic Analysis of Homologous Genes

Authors: Meixia Zhao, Biao Zhang, Jianxin Ma and Damon Lisch, date: 12/05/2018, view: 129, Q&A: 0

[Abstract] Homologous genes, including paralogs and orthologs, are genes that share sequence homologies within or between different species. Homologous genes originate from a common origin through speciation, genetic duplication or horizontal gene transfer. Estimation of the sequence divergence of homologous genes help us to understand divergence time, which ...

Using Arabidopsis Mesophyll Protoplasts to Study Unfolded Protein Response Signaling

Authors: Yan Bao and Diane C. Bassham, date: 12/05/2018, view: 159, Q&A: 0

[Abstract] Various environmental stresses or artificial reagents can trigger unfolded protein accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) due to the folding capacity of the ER being exceeded. This is termed ER stress, and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR). Assays for activation of the UPR in plants include Tunicamycin (Tm)- or dithiothreitol ...

Field Inoculation and Classification of Maize Ear Rot Caused by Fusarium verticillioides

Authors: Chaopei Dong, Yabin Wu, Jingyang Gao, Zijian Zhou, Cong Mu, Peipei Ma, Jiafa Chen and Jianyu Wu, date: 12/05/2018, view: 77, Q&A: 0

[Abstract] Maize ear rot is a worldwide fungal disease mainly caused by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum. Maize planted in the field was inoculated with Fusarium verticillioides at the filling stage, 15 days after pollination. Two milliliters of spore suspension with a concentration of 5 x 10⁶/ml was ...

An Innovative Approach to Study Ralstonia solanacearum Pathogenicity in 6 to 7 Days Old Tomato Seedlings by Root Dip Inoculation

Authors: Niraj Singh, Rahul Kumar and Suvendra Kumar Ray, date: 11/05/2018, view: 299, Q&A: 0

[Abstract] Ralstonia solanacearum (F1C1) is a Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacterium that causes lethal wilt disease in a wide range of plant species. This pathogen is very well known for its unpredictable behavior during infection and wilting its host. Because of its mysterious infection behavior, virulence and pathogenicity standardization are ...

Rice Ragged Stunt Virus Propagation and Infection on Rice Plants

Authors: Chao Zhang, Chaonan Shi, Dong Chen and Jianguo Wu, date: 10/20/2018, view: 271, Q&A: 0

[Abstract] Virus inoculation is a basic experimental procedure to evaluate the resistance of a rice variety or a transgenic material upon virus infection. We recently demonstrated that Rice Ragged Stunt Virus (RRSV), an oryzavirus that is transmitted by brown planthopper (BPH), can suppress jasmonic acid-mediated antiviral defense through ...

Examining Autophagy in Plant by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

Authors: Xiyin Zheng, Chenguang Zhao and Yule Liu, date: 10/20/2018, view: 370, Q&A: 0

[Abstract] In plants, macroautophagy, here referred as autophagy, is a degradation pathway during which the double-membrane structure named autophagosome engulfs the cargo and then fuses with vacuole for material recycling.

To investigate the process of autophagy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to monitor the ultrastructure of ...

Real-time PCR Analysis of PAMP-induced Marker Gene Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana

Authors: Fan Liu, Yuanpeng Xu, Yan Wang and Yuanchao Wang, date: 10/05/2018, view: 491, Q&A: 0

[Abstract] Perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) often triggers various innate immune responses in plants. The transcriptional changes of defense-related genes are often used as a marker to assay PAMP-triggered plant immune response. Here we described a protocol to monitor the relative expression level of marker genes in Nicotiana ...

An Image Analysis Pipeline to Quantify Emerging Cracks in Materials or Adhesion Defects in Living Tissues

Authors: Stéphane Verger, Guillaume Cerutti and Olivier Hamant, date: 10/05/2018, view: 332, Q&A: 0

[Abstract] Microcracks in materials reflect their mechanical properties. The quantification of the number or orientation of such cracks is thus essential in many fields, including engineering and geology. In biology, cracks in soft tissues can reflect adhesion defects, and the analysis of their pattern can help to deduce the magnitude and orientation of ...

Live Confocal Imaging of Brachypodium Spikelet Meristems

Author: Devin Lee O'Connor, date: 09/20/2018, view: 575, Q&A: 0

[Abstract] Live confocal imaging of fluorescent reporters and stains in plant meristems provides valuable measurements of gene expression, protein dynamics, cell polarity, cell division, and growth. The spikelet meristem in the grass Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) is well suited to live imaging because of the ease of dissection, small ...

Fabrication and Use of the Dual-Flow-RootChip for the Imaging of Arabidopsis Roots in Asymmetric Microenvironments

Authors: Claire E. Stanley, Jagriti Shrivastava, Rik Brugman, Elisa Heinzelmann, Viktoria Frajs, Andreas Bühler, Dirk van Swaay and Guido Grossmann, date: 09/20/2018, view: 1201, Q&A: 0

[Abstract] This protocol provides a detailed description of how to fabricate and use the dual-flow-RootChip (dfRootChip), a novel microfluidic platform for investigating root nutrition, root-microbe interactions and signaling and development in controlled asymmetric conditions. The dfRootChip was developed primarily to investigate how plants roots interact ...

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