Garden Classification and Pauwels Angle Classification

The Garden fracture type and Pauwels classification are the most commonly used classification systems for femoral neck fractures. Fractures were diagnosed and classified based on the Garden and Pauwels angle classification by four experienced physicians as follows: incomplete fracture was defined as Garden I; complete fracture without displacement was defined as Garden II; complete fracture with partial displacement was defined as Garden III; and complete fracture combined with displacement was defined as Garden IV. Furthermore, Pauwels categories were defined as follows: Pauwels I (Pauwels angle < 30°); Pauwels II (Pauwels angle 30° – 50°); and Pauwels III (Pauwels angle > 50°).