ABCD Main-Study Data

Analyses incorporated family demographics and residential history data collected as part of the primary ABCD Study (Supplementary Table 1).

The area deprivation index (ADI) for youth participants' primary residential address at the baseline visit is a composite weighted-sum metric of neighborhood disadvantage (e.g., poverty rates, unemployment, median family income, low education; see Supplementary Table 1) (46, 47). Census-tract-level ADI, based on the 2011–2015 five-year ACS estimates (i.e., the data included and released with the ABCD dataset), was computed based on coefficient values from Kind, Jencks (46) and discretized into national percentiles for the ABCD data release (48). Scripts for computing and merging ADI (and its national percentile) with ABCD data are available: https://github.com/ABCD-STUDY/geocoding/blob/master/Gen_data_proc.R. While statistical analyses incorporated the national percentile ADI data, these data were collapsed across continuous deciles for graphing.

Caregiver-reported annual household income (before taxes, including all wages and benefits) was a continuous, ordinal factor with 10 levels (1 = < $5,000; 2 = $5,000–$11,999; 3 = $12,000–$15,999; 4 = $16,000–$24,999; 5 = $25,000–$34,999; 6 = $35,000–$49,999; 7 = $50,000–$74,999; 8 = $75,000–$99,999; 9 = $100,000–$199,999; 10 = ≥$200,000). For income, the data used in analyses were those of the most recent, non-missing data available for that participant for each of these options (i.e., as ABCD is a 10-year longitudinal study with annual visits, these variables were collected at each annual visit; however, the multiyear recruitment period of ABCD means that those annual visits were staggered across participants, such that, e.g., one participant's first and second annual visits may have occurred in 2017 and 2018, while another's may have occurred in 2018 and 2019).

Youth participants' ages and sex at birth were available in the NDA release of ABCD's COVID-19 questionnaire data (42). Children's and caregiver's race and ethnicity were categorical factors derived from caregiver reports at baseline data collection. Race had 6 levels: “White,” “Black,” “Asian,” “American Indian or Alaska Native,” “Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander,” or “Other” (e.g., multiracial). Ethnicity had two levels: “Hispanic/Latino/Latina” or “Not Hispanic/Latino/Latina.” Maximum caregiver education was a continuous, ordinal factor with 5 levels (1 = ≤12th grade, no diploma; 2 = high-school graduate, GED or equivalent; 3 = Some college with no degree, Associate's degree; 4 = bachelor's degree; 5 = master's degree, professional degree, or doctorate). As with the income data, the education data used in analyses were the most recent, non-missing education data available for that participant.