Materials and Reagents

100 mm Petri dish (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog number: 351029 )
Polypropylene tube:
2 ml tube (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: MCT-200-C )
5 ml tube (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: MCT-500-C )
Centrifuge tubes:
15 ml tube (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog number: 352096 )
50 ml tube (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog number: 352070 )
Cell strainer:
5 ml polystyrene tube with cell strainer snap cap (35 µm nylon mesh) (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog number: 352235 )
70 µm nylon mesh (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog number: 352350 )
Columns for cell separation:
MS columns (Miltenyi Biotec, catalog number: 130-042-201 )
LS columns (Miltenyi Biotec, catalog number: 130-042-401 )
Poly-L-Lysine coated slides (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 10143265 )
ART^TM Barrier Hinged Rack pipette tips
P1000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 2079-HR )
P200 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 2069-05-HR )
P20 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 2149-05-HR )
C57BL/6N Mice (BioLASCO, catalog number: C57BL/6N )
Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), calcium, magnesium, no phenol red (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 14025092 )
Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), no calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 14175095 )
Type IV collagenase (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 17104019 )
DNase I (RNase-free) (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0303 )
Antibodies:
Biotin rat anti-mouse CD90.2 (Clone 30-H12) (BD, catalog number: 553011 )
Biotin rat IgG2b, κ isotype control (Clone A95-1) (BD, catalog number: 553987 )
Anti-CD90.2Biotin antibody (Lot 5150211128) (Miltenyi Biotec, catalog number: 130-101-908 )
Anti-CD49f antibody (BD, catalog number: 551129 )
Isotype antibody (negative control) (BD, catalog number: 551066 )
Anti-PLZF antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, catalog number: sc-28319 )
Anti-VASA antibody (Abcam, catalog number: ab13840 )
AffiniPure Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) (Alexa Fluor^® 488) (Jackson ImmunoResearch, catalog number: 711-545-152 )
AffiniPure Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) (Alexa Fluor^® 488) (Jackson ImmunoResearch, catalog number: 715-545-151 )
Anti-biotin microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, catalog number: 130-090-485 )
PFA (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 158127 )
Bovine serum albumin (BSA), IgG-free and protease-free (Jackson ImmunoResearch, catalog number: 001-000-162 )
Normal donkey serum (Abcam, catalog number: ab7475 )
EDTA, 0.5 M, pH 8.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Anbion^TM, catalog number: AM9260G )
BSA
Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), no calcium, no magnesium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 14190144 )
Trypsin-EDTA, 0.25%, phenol red (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 25200056 )
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 16000044 )
PE-Cy5-conjugated antibody
Tween-20 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P9416 )
E-HBSS (see Recipes)
MACS buffer (see Recipes)
Collagenase solution (see Recipes)
Trypsin solution (see Recipes)
F-MACS buffer (see Recipes)
Staining buffer (see Recipes)
FACS buffer (see Recipes)
PBST (see Recipes)

Equipment

Sterilized forceps and scissors
Dissecting microscope (Leica MZ16F Stereomicroscope)
P1000 pipette
Centrifuge
Hemocytometer
Magnetic separator
OctoMACS^TM separator for MS columns (Miltenyi Biotec, catalog number: 130-042-109 )
MidiMACS^TM separator for LS columns (Miltenyi Biotec, catalog number: 130-042-302 )
Beckman Coulter FC500 cytometer (Beckman Coulter, model: FC500 )
Leica TCS SP5 II confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems, model: Leica TCS SP5 II )

Procedure

Testis collection and single cell suspension
1. Remove testes from mice using sterilized forceps and scissors. Collect the testes in a 100 mm Petri dish containing 10 ml of ice-cold HBSS.
2. Remove tunica albuginea from the testes to expose seminiferous tubules using sterilized forceps under a dissecting microscope (Figure 1A, upper panel). Transfer seminiferous tubule clumps to a new 100 mm Petri dish containing 10 ml of ice-cold HBSS. Keep the seminiferous tubules on ice.
3. Wash seminiferous tubule clumps using ice-cold HBSS to remove debris and suspension cells.
4. In order to estimate the rough volume of seminiferous tubule clumps, we transfer these clumps to a 2 ml polypropylene tube to calculate the volumes. Then, transfer seminiferous tubule clumps to a new Petri dish containing at least 3-fold seminiferous tubule clump volumes of room temperature collagenase solution, supplemented with 1 mg/ml type IV collagenase and 5 U/ml DNase I to remove interstitial Leydig cells, blood cells and peritubular myoid cells, and to digest genomic DNA from dead cells, respectively (see Note 1).
  Note: We normally collect 0.2-0.3 ml seminiferous tubule clumps from five one-week-old mice and add 1 ml collagenase solution, and obtain 1-1.5 ml seminiferous tubule clumps from five 4-week-old mice and add 6 ml collagenase solution.
5. Loosen seminiferous tubules using forceps under a dissecting microscope within 20 min at room temperature (~25 °C) to avoid prolonged enzyme incubation (Figure 1A, lower panel).
  The procedures of testis collection, tunica albuginea removal and loosening of seminiferous tubules is demonstrated in Video 1.
  
  Video 1. Testis collection, tunica albuginea removal and loosening of seminiferous tubules from 4-week-old mice (steps A1-A5)
6. Wash and clean the dispersed seminiferous tubules twice with at least 3-fold volumes of room temperature E-HBSS for 20 sec with gentle horizontal shaking at 30 rpm.
7. Remove E-HBSS, add 3-fold volumes of collagenase solution and incubate at 37 °C for 20 min.
8. Discard supernatant and wash dispersed seminiferous tubules by adding 3-fold volumes of room temperature E-HBSS for 20 sec with gentle horizontal shaking at 30 rpm.
9. Repeat this wash process thoroughly five times with room temperature E-HBSS buffer for 20 sec with gentle horizontal shaking at 30 rpm to remove suspension cells.
10. Transfer seminiferous tubules to a 2 ml polypropylene tube (or to 5 ml polypropylene tube when executing large number of samples). Add 5-fold volumes of room temperature trypsin solution supplemented with 5 U/ml DNase I. Pipette up and down using a P1000 pipette with cut tip to mechanically mince seminiferous tubules in order to obtain single cell suspension (Figure 1B).
11. Incubate the tissues at 37 °C for 3 min.
  Note: It is important to execute this reaction (steps A10 and A11) within 10 min, since prolonged trypsin solution incubation may cause a proteolytic cleavage of the cell surface protein (see Note 2).
12. Add 3-fold volumes of room temperature F-MACS to quench the trypsin reaction (see Note 3).
13. Transfer suspension cells to a new 50 ml centrifuge tubes.
14. Remove residual tissue and filter the suspension using a 70 µm nylon cell strainer. Wash cell strainer with 2-fold volumes of room temperature MACS buffer after adding cell suspension.
15. Centrifuge cell suspension at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
16. Re-suspend cells in ice-cold MACS buffer and count the number of cells with a hemocytometer (see Note 4).
Cell labeling and magnetic separation of one-week-old testicular cells
1. Centrifuge again at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C and aspirate supernatant. Re-suspend cells in 100 µl ice-cold MACS buffer and add 10 µl biotin-conjugated anti-CD90.2 (THY1) antibody per 10⁷ cells isolated from one-week-old mice. We use approximately 5 µg antibody per 100 µl ice-cold MACS buffer.
2. Mix well by gentle pipetting and incubate at 4 °C for 15 min with gentle rotation at 30 rpm (see Note 5).
3. Wash by adding equal volume ice-cold MACS buffer to remove the unbound primary antibody.
4. Centrifuge cell suspension at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
5. Re-suspend cells and wash again with 2 ml ice-cold MACS buffer per 10⁷ cells and centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
6. Aspirate supernatant completely and re-suspend cells in 80 µl MACS buffer and add 20 µl microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) per 10⁷ cells.
7. Mix well by gentle pipetting and incubate for 15 min at 4 °C with gentle rotation at 30 rpm.
8. Wash by adding 2 ml MACS buffer per 10⁷ cells and centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
9. Aspirate supernatant completely and re-suspend up to 10⁸ cells in 1 ml ice-cold MACS buffer.
10. Pass testicular cells through a 35 µm nylon cell strainer to remove cell clumps. Approximate 10% cells are lost compared with the cell number after trypsin treatment (step A16).
11. Place MS column on magnetic separator. Prepare MS column (Miltenyi Biotec) for cell separation by rinsing with 500 µl ice-cold MACS buffer.
12. Apply cell suspension onto the prepared MS columns (see Note 6) and pipette gently every 30 sec to avoid sedimentation and aggregation of the cells before they pass through the column. This ensures the individual cells will pass through the column fluently and effectively.
13. Collect the unbound cells that pass through and wash the column three times with 500 µl ice-cold MACS buffer. These cells can serve as a sample to test the efficiency of removing THY1⁺ cells from the subpopulation, or as a THY1-negative control group.
14. Remove MS column from magnetic separator and place it over a new 15 ml centrifuge tube.
15. Add 1 ml ice-cold MACS buffer into MS column in order to elute the THY1⁺ cells.
16. Collect the magnetically labeled THY1⁺ cells by using the plunger supplied with the column (see Notes 5 and 7; Figures 1E-1M for germ cell purity and live/dead cell ratio).
Cell labeling and magnetic separation of 4-week-old testicular cells
1. Centrifuge again at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C and aspirate supernatant. Re-suspend cells in 1 ml ice-cold MACS buffer and add 20 µl biotin-conjugated anti-CD90.2 (THY1) antibody per 10⁸ cells isolated from 4-week-old mice. There is approximately 10 microgram antibody per 1 ml ice-cold MACS buffer.
2. Mix well by gentle pipetting and incubate at 4 °C for 15 min with gentle rotation at 30 rpm (see Note 5).
3. Wash by adding equal volume ice-cold MACS buffer and centrifuge cell suspension at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
4. Re-suspend cells and wash again with 2 ml ice-cold MACS buffer per 108 cells and centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
5. Aspirate supernatant completely and re-suspend cells in 1 ml ice-cold MACS buffer and add 40 µl microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) per 10⁸ cells.
6. Mix well by gentle pipetting and incubate 15 min at 4 °C with gentle rotation at 30 rpm.
7. Wash with 2 ml ice-cold MACS buffer per 10⁸ cells and centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
8. Aspirate supernatant completely and re-suspend up to 10⁸ cells in 1 ml ice-cold MACS buffer.
9. Pass cells through a 35 µm nylon cell strainer to remove cell clumps.
10. Place LS column on magnetic separator. Prepare LS column (Miltenyi Biotec) by rinsing with 2 ml ice-cold MACS buffer.
11. Apply cell suspension onto the prepared LS columns (see Note 6) and pipette gently every 30 sec to avoid sedimentation and aggregation of the cells before they pass through the column. This ensures the individual cells will pass through the column fluently and effectively.
12. Collect unlabeled cells that pass through and wash the column three times with 2 ml ice-cold MACS buffer. These cells can serve as a sample to test the efficiency of removing THY1⁺ cells from the subpopulation, or as a THY1-negative control group.
13. Remove LS column from the magnetic separator and place it over a new 15 ml centrifuge tube.
14. Add 2 ml ice-cold MACS buffer into the LS column in order to elute the THY1⁺ cells.
15. Collect the magnetically labeled THY1⁺ cells by using the plunger supplied with the column (see Notes 5 and 7; Figures 1E-1M for germ cell purity and live/dead cell ratio)

Data analysis

All analytical results published (Liao et al., 2014; Tseng et al., 2015) with samples isolated by the exact protocol described here were calculated from three to eight independent experiments.
Most of the isolated 8 dpp THY1⁺ cells (~80%) display perinuclear PLZF distribution (Tseng et al., 2015), suggesting this subpopulation is relatively quiescence (Buaas et al., 2004; Costoya et al., 2004).
More than 85% of total isolated cells from this protocol exhibit PLZF and VASA signals. PLZF is recognized as a marker for undifferentiated spermatogonia and VASA is expressed in all germ cells. The high purity of SSC-enriched primary germ cells (without culture) via this isolation protocol is suitable for genome wide high throughput transcriptome and epigenomic analysis (Liao et al., 2014; Tseng et al., 2015).
For quality control of immunostaining, samples from the luxoid (ZBTB16^lu/lu) mutant mice were used as a negative control to validate the specificity of the PLZF antibody. VASA expressing germ cells and non-VASA expressing somatic cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts) are used as positive and negative controls to validate the specificity of anti-VASA antibody. The strongest signal intensity from IgG control (secondary antibody only) was used as the cutoff line for background noise.

Representative data

Figure 1. Germ cell enrichment from postnatal mouse testes using magnetic-activated cell sorting. A. Dispersed seminiferous tubules of a testis for an efficient removal of somatic cells outside of seminiferous tubules. Upper panel reveals seminiferous tubule clumps without tunica albuginea. Lower panel indicates dispersed seminiferous tubules. B. A single cell suspension using efficient trypsin solution (pink color, upper panel). Lower panel displays single cell suspension after trypsin treatment under a microscope. C. Each batch of isolated THY1⁺ cells was treated with trypan blue dye to calculate the percentage of cell death. Unstained viable and round cells (for instance, yellow arrow) are recognized in a phase-contrast microscopy. Red arrow indicates the black color of dead cell. D. Flow cytometry analysis of isolated 8 dpp THY1⁺ cells labeled with an isotype antibody as negative control (upper panel) and with a PE-Cy5-conjugated anti-CD49f antibody (lower panel) (see Note 8). E-G. Immunostaining of isolated 8 dpp THY1⁺ cells using a monoclonal anti-PLZF antibody. Green, PLZF; blue, Hoechst 33342. Scale bar = 60 µm. H-J. The PLZF (green) subcellular localization pattern in 80% of isolated 8 dpp THY1⁺ cells. Green, PLZF; blue, Hoechst 33342. Scale bar = 2.5 µm. K-M. Immunostaining of isolated 4-week-old THY1⁺ cells using an anti-VASA antibody. VASA predominantly localizes in the cytoplasm. Green, VASA; blue, Hoechst 33342. Scale bar = 25 µm (see Note 9).

Notes

THY1 is exhibited in various cell types including hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells and fibroblasts. In testes, cells display THY1 expression outside of seminiferous tubules (Kubota et al., 2004b; Rege and Hagood, 2006). Therefore, a thorough removal of somatic THY1⁺ cells outside of seminiferous tubules is important for the purity of isolated THY1⁺ undifferentiated spermatogonia (steps A4-A9).
Trypsin treatment may lead to proteolytic cleavage of surface proteins. To minimize this disadvantage, samples are separated into several groups when there are a large number of testes. F-MACS-treated single cell suspension is kept on ice after being filtered through a 70 µm nylon cell strainer. Add more trypsin solution if cells are clumped or if the reaction solution turns from pink to yellow color, and pipette again to achieve a single cell suspension (Figure 1B).
Pre-warm the F-MACS buffer to room temperature to minimize cell clumping.
When five postnatal mice were used for each experiment, testicular cells obtained by this protocol is approximately 1-1.3 x 10⁶ cells per testis at 8 dpp and around 0.7-1 x 10⁷ per testis for 4-week-old mice. The date of birth was defined as 0 dpp.
Longer antibody incubation at 4 °C for 30 min can increase the recovery rate of THY1⁺ cells; however, it also increases non-specific binding of anti-CD90.2 antibody to somatic cells (Liao et al., 2014). Based on our experience, the isolation efficiency and purity of undifferentiated spermatogonia varied significantly with different Lot of biotin-conjugated anti-CD90.2 antibodies. For instance, in experienced hands, the ratio of CD49f⁺ or PLZF⁺ germ cells is more than 85% of total isolated cells when using Lot 25136 and Lot 80806 of biotin-conjugated anti-CD90.2 antibodies (BD Pharmingen; Figures 1D-1G), whereas the PLZF⁺ ratio of total isolated cells is between 60% and 85% with Lot 3032695, Lot 5152843 and Lot 6110644 of anti-CD90.2 antibodies (BD Pharmingen) as well as anti-CD90.2Biotin antibody (Miltenyi Biotec, Lot 5150211128). The reduced ratio of germ cells when applying less preferable batches of anti-CD90.2 antibodies may be due to a somatic cell contamination based on the increased VASA-negative cells after immunostaining using an anti-VASA antibody (germ cell marker) (Figures 1K-1M).
In addition, there may be a disadvantage in applying this protocol to isolation of THY1⁺ undifferentiated spermatogonia from adult mice since there are more THY1⁺ somatic cells presented in adult testes (Kubota and Brinster, 2008).
In order to perform efficient cell isolation, the typical cell number for MS column should be less than 5 x 10⁷ testicular cells per column and the cell number for a LS column should be less than 5 x 10⁸ testicular cells.
Dead cells are generally less than 10% of total isolated THY1⁺ cells determined by trypan blue staining (Figure 1C). An optional centrifugation at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C can efficiently remove the dead cells.
Magnetically isolated THY1⁺ cells were analyzed through a flow cytometry. A PE-Cy5-conjugated anti-CD49f antibody and an isotype antibody were used for this analysis. THY1⁺ cells were re-suspended and incubated on ice for 20 min in the dark in staining buffer. After being washed twice with FACS buffer and filtered through a 35 µm nylon cell strainer, PE-Cy5-conjugated cells were analyzed through a Beckman Coulter FC500 Cytometer (Figure 1D).
For immunocytochemical analysis, isolated THY1⁺ cells were placed onto Poly-L-Lysine coated slides (Thermo Scientific) and fixed in 4% PFA for 10 min at room temperature. After being washed five times with PBST for 10 min at room temperature, the cells were blocked with 2% BSA and 5% donkey serum for 2 h at room temperature and incubated at 4 °C overnight with the following primary antibody incubation: anti-PLZF antibody or anti-VASA antibody. The cells were washed three times with PBST containing 1% BSA. After incubation with secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature, the slides were washed three times in PBST, counterstained with Hoechst 33342 and mounted with mounting medium. The slides were analyzed through a Leica TCS SP5 II confocal microscope (Figures 1E-1M).

Recipes

E-HBSS
2 mM EDTA in HBSS, no calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red
MACS buffer
2 mM EDTA, 0.5% BSA in DPBS
Collagenase solution
1 mg/ml type IV collagenase and 5 U/ml DNase I in HBSS
Trypsin solution
5 U/ml DNase I in 0.25% trypsin-EDTA, phenol red
Freshly prepared F-MACS buffer
10% FBS in MACS buffer
Note: Keep the F-MACS on ice and pre-warm the F-MACS buffer to room temperature (~25 °C) before use.
Staining buffer
1x DPBS
2 mM EDTA
2% heat-inactivated FBS
PE-Cy5-conjugated antibody (1:1000 dilution)
FACS buffer
1x DPBS
2 mM EDTA
PBST
1x DPBS
0.2% Tween-20

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Mr. Pei-Lung Lee, Miss Hung-Chun Tung and Miss Yi-Chun Chen for useful discussions. This work was supported by grants from Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 103-2321-B-002-099 and MOST 104-2321-B-002-043) and National Taiwan University (NTU-105R4000).

References

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